Conjugates Comprising an Anti-EGFR1 Antibody

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a conjugate comprising an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR binding fragment thereof and at least one dextran derivative, wherein the dextran derivative comprises at least one D-glucopyranosyl unit, wherein at least one carbon selected from carbon 2, 3 or 4 of the at least one D-glucopyranosyl unit is substituted by a substituent of the formula —O—(CH 2 ) n —S—B 12 H 11   2−  wherein n is in the range of 3 to 10; and the dextran derivative is bound to the anti-EGFR antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof via a bond formed by a reaction between at least one aldehyde group formed by oxidative cleavage of a D-glucopyranosyl unit of the dextran derivative and an amino group of the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a conjugate, a pharmaceutical composition and amethod of treating or modulating the growth of EGFR1 expressing tumorcells in a human.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a form of noninvasive therapy ofmalignant tumors such as primary brain tumors and head and neck cancer.In BNCT, a patient is injected with a drug which has the ability tolocalize in the tumor and which carries nonradioactive boron-10 atoms.When the drug is irradiated with low energy thermal neutrons,biologically destructive alpha particles and lithium-7 nuclei areemitted.

Drugs such as conjugates having a high content of boron-10 and capableof localizing specifically in the tumor are required for BNCT. Suchconjugates should be easily produced, stable, soluble and safe. However,provision of such conjugates is complicated e.g. by that some types ofchemistries do not appear to work with boron-10 containing compounds.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide conjugates that haveimproved properties as compared to known conjugates and that contain ahigh content of boron-10.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The conjugate according to the present invention is characterized bywhat is presented in claim 1.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention ischaracterized by what is presented in claim 18.

The conjugate or pharmaceutical composition for use as a medicamentaccording to the present invention is characterized by what is presentedin claim 19.

The conjugate or pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment ofcancer according to the present invention is characterized by what ispresented in claim 20.

The method of treating or modulating the growth of EGFR1 expressingtumor cells in a human is characterized by what is presented in claim22.

The prokaryotic host cell according to the present invention ischaracterized by what is presented in claim 26.

The method for treating or modulating the growth of EGFR1 expressingtumor cells in a human is characterized by what is presented in claim56.

The polynucleotide according to the present invention is characterizedby what is presented in claims 57, 58, 59 and 60.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the invention and constitute a part of thisspecification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together withthe description help to explain the principles of the invention. In thedrawings:

FIG. 1. Proton-NMR spectrum of BSH-dextran. The boron linked protonsresonate between 0.8-2.0 ppm, and the boron load of BSH-dextran can beestimated by comparing the integral of boron-protons to the integral ofdextran protons. Unreacted allyl groups yield signals at 4.22, 5.29,5.39 and 5.99 ppm. Sharp signal at 2.225 ppm is acetone (internalstandard).

FIG. 2. Gel filtration analysis of BSH-Dex-conjugates.

A. Anti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH(800B)-Dex. Conjugate elutes at 7.8 ml whenanalysed with Yarra SEC-3000 gel filtration column. By comparisonanti-EGFR1-Fab elutes at 9.1 ml. B. Anti-EGFR1-Fab2-BSH(800B)-Dex.Conjugate elutes at 6.9 ml when analysed with Yarra SEC-3000 gelfiltration column. By comparison anti-EGFR1-Fab2 elutes at 8.4 ml.

FIG. 3. SDS-PAGE analysis of fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR1Fab/F(ab′)2 boron conjugates with different amounts of boron innonreducing (panel A) and reducing (panel B) conditions.Anti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH-Dex conjugates: Lane 1 (900B), lane 2 (700B), lane 4(560B), lane 6 (360B). Anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2-BSH-Dex conjugates: Lane 3(700B), lane 5 (560B), lane 7 (360B). Lane 8 is Anti-EGFR1-Fab-Dex andlane 9 is a control containing a mixture of anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2 and Fcfragments (Fab fragments migrate like Fc fragments on the gel). Gelstaining with Coomassie Blue.

FIG. 4. Cell surface binding and internalization of fluorescentlylabeled anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2 (Panels A and C) andanti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2-BSH(900B)-Dex (Panels B and D) by HSC-2 cells.Incubations have been performed at +4° C. (binding to the cell surface)and at +37° C. (binding to cell surface and internalization). Analysishas been carried out by fluorescence microscopy.

FIG. 5. An example of the vector setup for signal peptide optimization.T5 promoter, ribosome binding sites (RBS), signal peptides andanti-EGFR1 Fab heavy- and light chain sequences identified.

FIG. 6. Results of promoter optimization for Fab expression. 10 mlexpression cultures in liquid LB media were made with either W3110pGF119 (A) or BL21 (De3) pGF121 (B). Post-induction cultures were growno/n at +20° C., 1 ml samples were harvested and periplasmic extractionsfollowed by western blot detection. 1) background strain w/o theexpression vector; 2) W3110 pGF119 clone #1; 3) W3110 pGF119 clone #2 4)W3110 pGF119 clone #3; C) 250 ng of control Fab.

FIG. 7. Results of promoter optimization for Fab expression. 10 mlexpression cultures in liquid LB media were made with W3110 pGF132 inthree different post-induction temperatures; A)+20° C.; B)+28° C. andC)+37° C. Different rhamnose concentrations were used for induction: 1)rha 0; 2) rha 0.25 mM; 3) rha 1 mM; 4) rha 4 mM; 5) rha 8 mM. C=100 ngof control fab. Post-induction cultures were grown 4 h at indicatedtemperatures, 1 ml samples were harvested and periplasmic extractionsfollowed by western blot detection were.

FIG. 8. Comparing the dicistronic to dual promoter setup. pGF119 andpGF121 are dicistronic, pGF120 and pGF131 are dual promoter vectors. 1)non-induced control 2) W3110 pGF119#1 3) W3110 pGF119#2 4) W3110 pGF120non-induced 5) W3110 pGF120#1 6) W3110 pGF120#2 7) Lemo21(De3) pGF131#18) Lemo21(De3) pGF131#2 9) Lemo21(De3) pGF121#1 10) BL21(De3) pGF131#111) BL21(De3) pGF131#2 C) 100 ng of control fab.

FIG. 9. Anti-EGFR1 Fab expression in E. coli Lemo21(De3) and BL21(De3)with periplasmic chaperones SKP (pGF134) and SKP/FkpA (pGF135).Lemo21(De3) cultures were made utilizing the build-in feature of thestrain enabling the fine-tuning with rhamnose. Lane 1) Lemo21(De3)pGF131 2) Lemo21(De3) pGF131 pGF134 3) Lemo21(De3) pGF131 pGF135 4)BL21(De3) pGF131 5) BL21(De3) pGF131 pGF134 6) BL21(De3) pGF131 pGF135C) control Fab 100 ng. At +28° C. with 250 uM rhamnose, Lemo21(De3)pGF131 pGF134 and—pGF135 (lanes 2 and 3) produced a clearly increasedamount of anti-EGFR1 Fab in comparison to Lemo21(De3) pGF131 (lane 1).On +20° C., BL21(De3) pGF131 pGF134 and—pGF135 (lanes 5 and 6) produceda clearly increased amount of anti-EGFR1 Fab in comparison to BL21(De3)pGF131 (lane 4).

FIG. 10. Western Blot analysis of periplasmically expressed anti-EGFR1Fab. Lane 1) Molecular Weight Marker; Lane 2) anti-EGFR1 Fab controlprotein, 100 ng; Lane 3) Empty; Lane 4) Pre-induction cell pelletsample; Lane 5) 4 hours post-induction cell pellet sample; Lane 6) 16hours post-induction cell pellet sample; Lanes 7-9) Empty; Lane 10)Pre-induction culture supernatant sample; Lane 11) 4 hourspost-induction culture supernatant sample; Lane 12) 16 hourspost-induction culture supernatant sample. All samples represented 10 μlof fermentor culture suspension. Anti-EGFR1 Fab concentration inperiplasmic extract of fermentor cultivated E. coli cells was estimatedcomparing band intensities in 16 hours post-induction cell pellet sample(Lane 6) to band intensity of control anti-EGR1 Fab in lane 2 (100 ng).Lane 6 was estimated to contain 300 ng of anti-EGR1 Fab: 300 ng/10 μl=30mg/L.

FIG. 11. Chromatogram of HiTrap SP FF purified periplasmic extract.Fractions A5-A10 were pooled for further purification steps.

FIG. 12. Chromatogram of Protein L purified sample. Fractions A5-A7 werepooled.

FIG. 13. SDS-PAGE analysis of purified anti-EGFR1 Fab. The samples wereloaded in equal amounts (24 μL). Lane 1) Molecular Weight Marker; Lane2) papain digestion derived anti-EGFR1 Fab; Lane 3) 10% sample of E.coli produced Fab; Lane 4) 40% sample of E. coli produced Fab. In lanes3 and 4 LC (upper) and HC (lower) bands have been separated. In lane 2the Fab is glycosylated and LC and HC cannot be separated.

FIG. 14. Binding of anti-EGFR1 Fab (upper panel) or Fab BSH-dextran(lower panel) to EGFR1 on microarray slide.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to a conjugate comprising an anti-EGFR1antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof and at least one dextranderivative, wherein

the dextran derivative comprises at least one D-glucopyranosyl unit,wherein at least one carbon selected from carbon 2, 3 or 4 of the atleast one D-glucopyranosyl unit is substituted by a substituent of theformula

—O—(CH₂)_(n)—S—B₁₂H₁₁ ²⁻

wherein n is in the range of 3 to 10; and

the dextran derivative is bound to the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof via a bond formed by a reaction between atleast one aldehyde group formed by oxidative cleavage of aD-glucopyranosyl unit of the dextran derivative and an amino group ofthe anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.

The conjugate is suitable for use in boron neutron capture therapy.“Boron neutron capture therapy” (BNCT) should be understood as referringto targeted radiotherapy, wherein nonradioactive boron-10 is irradiatedwith low energy thermal neutrons to yield biologically destructive alphaparticles and lithium-7 nuclei. The nonradioactive boron-10 may betargeted by incorporating it in a tumor localizing drug such as a tumorlocalizing conjugate.

“EGFR1” herein should be understood as referring to human epidermalgrowth factor receptor 1 (EGFR1) having a sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO: 1.

“Anti-EGFR1 antibody” should be understood as referring to an antibodythat specifically binds EGFR1. The term “specifically binding” refers tothe ability of the antibody to discriminate between EGFR1 and any otherprotein to the extent that, from a pool of a plurality of differentproteins as potential binding partners, only EGFR1 is bound orsignificantly bound. As examples only, specific binding and/or kineticmeasurements may be assayed by e.g. by utilizing surface plasmonresonance-based methods on a Biacore apparatus, by immunological methodssuch as ELISA or by e.g. protein microarrays.

“An EGFR1 binding fragment thereof” should be understood as referring toany fragment of an anti-EGFR1 antibody that is capable of specificallybinding EGFR1.

In an embodiment, anti-EGFR1 antibody is cetuximab, imgatuzumab,matuzumab, nimotuzumab, necitumumab, panitumumab, or zalutumumab.

In an embodiment, the anti-EGFR1 antibody is cetuximab.

In an embodiment, cetuximab has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:s 2and 3.

In an embodiment, cetuximab comprises or consists of the sequences setforth in SEQ ID NO:s 2 and 3.

In an embodiment, the anti-EGFR1 antibody is nimotuzumab.

In an embodiment, nimotuzumab has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:s 4and 5.

In an embodiment, nimotuzumab comprises or consists of the sequences setforth in SEQ ID NO:s 4 and 5.

An anti-EGFR1 antibody may be e.g. an scFv, a single domain antibody, anFv, a VHH antibody, a diabody, a tandem diabody, a Fab, a Fab′, aF(ab′)₂, a Db, a dAb-Fc, a taFv, a scDb, a dAb₂, a DVD-Ig, aBs(scFv)₄-IgG, a taFv-Fc, a scFv-Fc-scFv, a Db-Fc, a scDb-Fc, ascDb-C_(H)3, or a dAb-Fc-dAb. Furthermore, the anti-EGFR1 antibody or anEGFR1 binding fragment thereof may be present in monovalentmonospecific, multivalent monospecific, bivalent monospecific, ormultivalent multispecific forms.

In an embodiment, the anti-EGFR1 antibody is a human antibody or ahumanized antibody. In this context, the term “human antibody”, as it iscommonly used in the art, is to be understood as meaning antibodieshaving variable regions in which both the framework and complementarydetermining regions (CDRs) are derived from sequences of human origin.In this context, the term “humanized antibody”, as it is commonly usedin the art, is to be understood as meaning antibodies wherein residuesfrom a CDR of an antibody of human origin are replaced by residues froma CDR of a nonhuman species (such as mouse, rat or rabbit) having thedesired specificity, affinity and capacity.

In an embodiment, the anti-EGFR1 antibody fragment comprises a Fabfragment of cetuximab. In an embodiment, the anti-EGFR1 Fab fragment hasa sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:s 6 and 3. In an embodiment, theanti-EGFR1 Fab fragment comprises or consists of a sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:s 6 and 3.

In an embodiment, the anti-EGFR1 antibody comprises a F(ab′)2 fragmentof cetuximab. In an embodiment, the anti-EGFR1 F(ab′)2 fragment has asequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:s 7 and 3. In an embodiment, theanti-EGFR1 F(ab′)2 fragment comprises or consists of a sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:s 7 and 3.

“Dextran” should be understood as referring to a branched glucancomposed of chains of varying lengths, wherein the straight chainconsists of a α-1,6 glycosidic linkages between D-glucopyranosyl units.Branches are bound via α-1,3 glycosidic linkages and, to a lesserextent, via α-1,2 and/or α-1,4 glycosidic linkages. A portion of astraight chain of a dextran molecule is depicted in the schematicrepresentation below.

“D-glucopyranosyl unit” should be understood as referring to a singleD-glucopyranosyl molecule. Dextran thus comprises a plurality ofD-glucopyranosyl units. In dextran, each D-glucopyranosyl unit is boundto at least one other D-glucopyranosyl unit via a α-1,6 glycosidiclinkage, via a α-1,3 glycosidic linkage or via both.

Each D-glucopyranosyl unit of dextran comprises 6 carbon atoms, whichare numbered 1 to 6 in the schematic representation below. The schematicrepresentation shows a single D-glucopyranosyl unit bound to two otherD-glucopyranosyl units (not shown) via α-1,6 glycosidic linkages.

Carbons 2, 3 and 4 may contain free hydroxyl groups. In D-glucopyranosylunits bound to a second D-glucopyranosyl unit via a α-1,3 glycosidiclinkage, wherein carbon 3 of the D-glucopyranosyl unit is bound via anether bond to carbon 1 of the second D-glucopyranosyl unit, carbons 2and 4 may be substituted by free hydroxyl groups. In D-glucopyranosylunits bound to a second D-glucopyranosyl unit via a α-1,2 or α-1,4glycosidic linkage, wherein carbon 2 or 4 of the D-glucopyranosyl unitis bound via an ether bond to carbon 1 of the second D-glucopyranosylunit, carbons 3 and 4 or 2 and 3, respectively, may be substituted byfree hydroxyl groups.

Carbohydrate nomenclature is essentially according to recommendations bythe IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (e.g. CarbohydrateRes. 1998, 312, 167; Carbohydrate Res. 1997, 297, 1; Eur. J. Biochem.1998, 257, 293).

The term “dextran derivative” should be understood as referring todextran, wherein at least one carbon selected from carbon 2, 3 or 4 ofthe at least one D-glucopyranosyl unit is substituted by a substituentof the formula

—O—(CH₂)_(n)—S—B₁₂H₁₁ ²⁻

wherein n is in the range of 3 to 10; and

the dextran derivative is bound to the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof via a bond formed by a reaction between atleast one aldehyde group formed by oxidative cleavage of aD-glucopyranosyl unit of the dextran derivative and an amino group ofthe anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof. Thedextran derivative may further contain other modifications to the basicdextran structure, e.g. as described below.

“BSH”, “B₁₂H₁₁—SH” and “Na₂B₁₂H₁₁SH” should be understood as referringto sodium borocaptate, also known as sodium mercaptododecaborate andsulfhydryl boron hydride. “B₁₂H₁₁ ²⁻” thus refers to the boron hydridemoiety of BSH.

One or more, i.e. one, two or three carbons selected from carbons 2, 3and 4 of the at least one D-glucopyranosyl unit may be substituted by asubstituent of the formula —O—(CH₂)_(n)—S—B₁₂H₁₁ ²⁻.

In an embodiment, n is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10. In an embodiment, n isin the range of 3 to 4, or in the range of 3 to 5, or in the range of 3to 6, or in the range of 3 to 7, or in the range of 3 to 8, or in therange of 3 to 9.

D-glucopyranosyl units of dextran may be cleaved by oxidative cleavageof a bond between two adjacent carbons substituted by a hydroxyl group.The oxidative cleavage cleaves vicinal diols, i.e. D-glucopyranosylunits in which two (free) hydroxyl groups occupy vicinal positions.D-glucopyranosyl units in which carbons 2, 3 and 4 contain free hydroxylgroups may thus be oxidatively cleaved between carbons 2 and 3 orcarbons 3 and 4. Thus a bond selected from the bond between carbons 2and 3 and the bond between carbons 3 and 4 may be oxidatively cleaved.D-glucopyranosyl units of dextran may be cleaved by oxidative cleavageusing an oxidizing agent such as sodium periodate, periodic acid andlead(IV) acetate, or any other oxidizing agent capable of oxidativelycleaving vicinal diols.

Oxidative cleavage of a D-glucopyranosyl unit forms two aldehyde groups,one aldehyde group at each end of the chain formed by the oxidativecleavage. In the conjugate, the aldehyde groups may in principle be freealdehyde groups. However, the presence of free aldehyde groups in theconjugate is typically undesirable. Therefore the free aldehyde groupsmay be capped or reacted with an amino group of the anti-EGFR1 antibodyor an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof, or e.g. with a tracking molecule.

The dextran derivative is bound to the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof via a bond formed by a reaction between atleast one aldehyde group formed by oxidative cleavage of aD-glucopyranosyl unit of the dextran derivative and an amino group ofthe anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.

The dextran derivative may also be bound to the anti-EGFR1 antibody oran EGFR1 binding fragment thereof via a group formed by a reactionbetween at least one aldehyde group formed by oxidative cleavage of aD-glucopyranosyl unit of the dextran derivative and an amino group ofthe anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.

The aldehyde group formed by oxidative cleavage readily reacts with anamino group in solution, such as an aqueous solution. The resultinggroup or bond formed may, however, vary and is not always easilypredicted and/or characterised. The reaction between at least onealdehyde group formed by oxidative cleavage of a D-glucopyranosyl unitof the dextran derivative and an amino group of the anti-EGFR1 antibodyor an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof may result e.g. in the formation ofa Schiff base. Thus the group via which the dextran derivative is boundto the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof may bee.g. a Schiff base (imine) or a reduced Schiff base (secondary amine).

In an embodiment, the dextran derivative has a molecular mass in therange of about 3 to about 2000 kDa. In this context, the molecular massof the dextran derivative should be understood as including themolecular mass of the dextran derivative containing the dextran and itssubstituents, but not the molecular mass of the anti-EGFR1 antibody oran EGFR1 binding fragment thereof. In an embodiment, the dextranderivative has a molecular mass in the range of about 30 to about 300kDa.

In an embodiment, the conjugate comprises about 10 to about 300 or about20 to about 150 substituents of the formula —O—(CH₂)_(n)—S—B₁₂H₁₁ ²⁻.

In an embodiment, the conjugate comprises about 300 boron atoms (300B),about 800 boron atoms (800B), about 900 boron atoms (900B), or about1200 boron atoms. E.g “900B” refers to a conjugate carrying per one moleof protein one mole of dextran, that carries ca. 900 moles of boronatoms in BSH molecules.

The anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof typicallycontains at least one amino group, such as an N-terminal amine groupand/or the amino group of a lysine residue.

In an embodiment, the amino group of the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof is the amino group of a lysine residue of theanti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.

In an embodiment, the conjugate further comprises at least one trackingmolecule bound to the dextran derivative or to the anti-EGFR1 antibodyor an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.

“Tracking molecule” refers to a detectable molecule.

Such a detectable molecule may be e.g. a radioisotope, such as ¹⁴C, acompound comprising a radioisotope, a radionuclide, a compoundcomprising a radionuclide, a fluorescent label molecule (such as FITC,TRITC, the Alexa and Cy dyes, etc.), a chelator, such as DOTA(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid), or an MRIactive molecule, such as gadolinium-DTPA(gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentacetate). Procedures for accomplishingthe binding of the tracking molecule to the dextran derivative or to theanti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof are well knownto the art. A tracking molecule may allow for locating the conjugateafter it has been administered to a patient and targeted to specificcells; in this way, it is possible to direct the low energy thermalneutron irradiation to the location of the targeted conjugate.

In an embodiment, the tracking molecule is bound to the dextranderivative via a bond or a group formed by a reaction between at leastone aldehyde group formed by oxidative cleavage of a D-glucopyranosylunit of the dextran derivative and a group of the tracking molecule. Asuitable group of the tracking molecule may be e.g. an amino group.

It is possible that one or more aldehyde groups formed by oxidativecleavage of a D-glucopyranosyl unit of the dextran derivative is notreacted with an amino group of the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof or with a tracking molecule.

In an embodiment, the dextran derivative comprises at least one aldehydegroup formed by oxidative cleavage of a D-glucopyranosyl unit of thedextran derivative which is capped.

The at least one aldehyde group may be capped by a suitable group, suchas a reduced Schiff base.

The at least one aldehyde group may also be capped by a group formed bya reaction between the at least one aldehyde group and a hydrophiliccapping agent, such as ethanolamine, lysine, glycine or Tris.

In an embodiment, ethanolamine comprises ¹⁴C.

The capping may be stabilized using a reducing agent, such as NaCNBH₃. Acapping group such as a reduced Schiff base may thus be formed.

In an embodiment, the dextran derivative comprises at least one aldehydegroup formed by oxidative cleavage of a D-glucopyranosyl unit of thedextran derivative that is not reacted with an amino group of theanti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof or with atracking molecule and which is capped.

In an embodiment, essentially all aldehyde groups formed by oxidativecleavage of one or more D-glucopyranosyl units of the dextran derivativeare capped.

In an embodiment, the dextran derivative comprises a plurality ofaldehyde groups formed by oxidative cleavage of a D-glucopyranosyl unitof the dextran derivative, wherein essentially all of the aldehydegroups formed by oxidative cleavage of one or more D-glucopyranosylunits of the dextran derivative are capped.

In an embodiment, at least one carbon selected from carbon 2, 3 or 4 ofat least one D-glucopyranosyl unit of the dextran derivative issubstituted by a substituent of the formula

—O—(CH₂)_(m)CH═CH₂

wherein m is in the range of 1 to 8. While such an embodiment istypically not desirable, it may occur as a side product, when saidsubstituent has not reacted with BSH.

In an embodiment, the conjugate is obtainable by a method comprising thesteps of:

a) alkenylating at least one hydroxyl group of dextran to obtainalkenylated dextran;

b) reacting sodium borocaptate (BSH) with the alkenylated dextranobtainable from step a) to obtain BSH-dextran;

c) oxidatively cleaving at least one D-glucopyranosyl residue of theBSH-dextran so that aldehyde groups are formed;

d) reacting the oxidatively cleaved BSH-dextran obtainable from step c)with an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof toobtain a conjugate.

The present invention also relates to a conjugate obtainable by a methodcomprising the steps of:

a) alkenylating at least one hydroxyl group of dextran to obtainalkenylated dextran;

b) reacting sodium borocaptate (BSH) with the alkenylated dextranobtainable from step a) to obtain BSH-dextran;

c) oxidatively cleaving at least one D-glucopyranosyl residue of theBSH-dextran so that aldehyde groups are formed;

d) reacting the oxidatively cleaved BSH-dextran obtainable from step c)with an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof toobtain a conjugate.

In an embodiment, the dextran has a molecular mass in the range of about3 to about 2000 kDa, or about 10 to about 100 kDa, or about 5 to about200 kDa, or about 10 to about 250 kDa. The dextran having a molecularmass in said range should be understood as referring to dextran that hasnot been subjected to steps a)-d).

In this context, the term “alkenylation” or “alkenylating” should beunderstood as referring to the transfer of an alkenyl group to aD-glucopyranosyl unit of dextran to give an alkenyl ether. In otherwords, at least one hydroxyl group of the D-glucopyranosyl unit ofdextran becomes an alkenyloxy group.

In step a), one or more of hydroxyl groups bound to carbons 2, 3 or 4 ofat least one D-glucopyranosyl unit of dextran may react in thealkenylation reaction. One or more, or a plurality of, D-glucopyranosylunits of dextran may be alkenylated.

In an embodiment, dextran is alkenylated in step a) using analkenylating agent, wherein the alkenylating agent has a structureaccording to the formula

X—(CH₂)_(m)CH═CH₂

wherein m is in the range from 1 to 8, and X is Br, Cl, or I.

In an embodiment, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. In an embodiment, m isin the range of 1 to 2, or in the range of 1 to 3, or in the range of 1to 4, or in the range of 1 to 5, or in the range of 1 to 6, or in therange of 1 to 7.

In an embodiment, the alkenylating agent is allyl bromide.

In an embodiment, at least one carbon selected from carbon 2, 3 or 4 ofat least one D-glucopyranosyl unit of the alkenylated dextran obtainablefrom step a) is substituted by a substituent of the formula

—O—(CH₂)_(m)CH═CH₂,

wherein m is in the range of 1 to 8.

In an embodiment, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. In an embodiment, m isin the range of 1 to 2, or in the range of 1 to 3, or in the range of 1to 4, or in the range of 1 to 5, or in the range of 1 to 6, or in therange of 1 to 7.

In step b), the sulfhydryl group of BSH may react with an alkenyl groupof the alkenylated dextran to form BSH-dextran to give a thioether. Oneor more BSH molecules may react with the alkenylated dextran. Therefore,BSH-dextran obtainable from step b) may contain a plurality of BSHmoieties (i.e. groups of the formula —S—B₁₂H₁₁ ²⁻). The sulfhydrylgroups of BSH may react with alkenyl groups of a single alkenylatedD-glucopyranosyl unit containing more than one alkenyl group or withalkenyl groups of two or more alkenylated D-glucopyranosyl units.

Thus the BSH-dextran obtainable from step b) may be a dextran derivativein which at least one carbon selected from carbon 2, 3 or 4 of the atleast one D-glucopyranosyl unit is substituted by a substituent of theformula

—O—(CH₂)_(n)—S—B₁₂H₁₁ ²⁻

wherein n is in the range of 3 to 10.

In an embodiment, BSH-dextran obtainable from step b) comprises about 10to about 100 or about 20 to 100 substituents or about 10 to about 300 orabout 20 to about 150 of the formula —O—(CH₂)_(n)—S—B₁₂H₁₁ ²⁻, wherein nis in the range of 3 to 10.

In an embodiment, BSH is reacted with the alkenylated dextran obtainablefrom step a) in the presence of a radical initiator in step b). Theradical initiator is capable of catalyzing the reaction between thesulfhydryl group(s) of BSH and with the alkenyl group(s) of alkenylateddextran.

In this context, “radical initiator” should be understood as referringto an agent capable of producing radical species under mild conditionsand promote radical reactions. The term “radical initiator” may alsorefer to UV (ultraviolet) light. UV light irradiation is capable ofgenerating radicals, e.g. in the presence of a suitable photoinitiator.Suitable radical initiators include, but are not limited to, inorganicperoxides such as ammonium persulfate or potassium persulfate, organicperoxides, and UV light.

In an embodiment, BSH is reacted with the alkenylated dextran obtainablefrom step a) in the presence of a radical initiator selected from thegroup consisting of ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate and UVlight in step b).

In step b), the weight ratio or the molar ratio of BSH to alkenylateddextran obtainable from step a) may be suitably selected in order toobtain conjugates in which the number of BSH moieties (i.e. the numberof substituents of the formula —O—(CH₂)_(n)—S—B₁₂H₁₁ ²⁻) per dextranmoiety (of the dextran derivative) varies. The number of BSH moietiesper dextran moiety of the BSH-dextran may be measured e.g. by nuclearmagnetic resonance as described in Example 2 or by inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as described in Example 9.

In an embodiment, the ratio of BSH to alkenylated dextran present instep b) is in the range of 1:5 to 2:1, or in the range of 1:4 to 1:1 byweight, or in the range of 1:2 to 3:4 by weight. Typically, the higherthe ratio of BSH to alkenylated dextran, the higher the number of BSHmoieties per dextran moiety of the BSH-dextran.

The ratio of the radical initiator, such as ammonium persulfate orpotassium persulfate, may also be varied in step b). In an embodiment,the ratio of the radical initiator to BSH and/or to dextran present instep b) is in the range of 1:5 to 2:1, or in the range of 1:4 to 1:1 byweight, or in the range of 1:2 to 3:4 by weight.

In an embodiment, the ratio of the radical initiator to alkenylateddextran in step b) is in the range of 1:5 to 2:1, or in the range of 1:4to 1:1 by weight, or in the range of 1:2 to 3:4 by weight.

As described above, a bond selected from the bond between carbons 2 and3 and the bond between carbons 3 and 4 may be oxidatively cleaved instep c). In the oxidative cleavage, the D-glucopyranosyl ring is openedbetween vicinal diols, leaving two aldehyde groups. Aldehyde groups ofthe oxidatively cleaved BSH-dextran obtainable from step c) may reactwith an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof toobtain a conjugate. The aldehyde groups may react with a suitable groupsuch as an amino group.

The at least one D-glucopyranosyl residue of the BSH-dextran may, inprinciple, be oxidatively cleaved using any oxidizing agent capable ofoxidatively cleaving the D-glucopyranosyl unit between two vicinalcarbons substituted by free hydroxyl groups. The oxidizing agent mayalso be selected so that it essentially specifically oxidatively cleavesthe at least one D-glucopyranosyl residue of the BSH-dextran. Such anoxidizing agent may not oxidize other groups or moieties of theBSH-dextran.

In an embodiment, the at least one D-glucopyranosyl residue of theBSH-dextran is oxidatively cleaved in step c) using an oxidizing agentselected from the group consisting of sodium periodate, periodic acidand lead(IV) acetate.

In an embodiment, the at least one D-glucopyranosyl residue of theBSH-dextran is oxidatively cleaved in step c) in an aqueous solution.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises the step of reacting theoxidatively cleaved BSH-dextran obtainable from step c) or the conjugateobtainable from step d) with a tracking molecule.

In this context, the tracking molecule may be any tracking moleculedescribed in this document.

The tracking molecule may react with at least one aldehyde group of theoxidatively cleaved BSH-dextran obtainable from step c). A suitablegroup of the tracking molecule that may react with the at least onealdehyde group may be e.g. an amino group.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises the step e) of cappingunreacted aldehyde groups of the oxidatively cleaved BSH-dextranobtainable from step c) or the conjugate obtainable from step d).

In an embodiment, the unreacted aldehyde groups are capped using ahydrophilic capping agent, such as ethanolamine, lysine, glycine orTris.

In an embodiment, the hydrophilic capping agent is selected from thegroup consisting of ethanolamine, lysine, glycine and Tris.

In an embodiment, ethanolamine comprising ¹⁴C is a tracking molecule.

In an embodiment, one or more steps selected from steps a), b), c) andd) are performed in an aqueous solution. A suitable aqueous solution maybe e.g. an aqueous phosphate buffer having a pH of about 6 to 8.

In an embodiment, all of the steps a)-d) are performed in an aqueoussolution.

The anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof typicallycontains at least one amino group, such as the N-terminal amine groupand/or the amino group of a lysine residue. In step d), the aldehydegroups of the oxidatively cleaved BSH-dextran obtainable from step c)may thus react with the at least one amino group of the anti-EGFR1antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.

In an embodiment, the amino group of the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof is the amino group of a lysine residue of theanti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.

In an embodiment, the oxidatively cleaved BSH-dextran is reacted withthe anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof byincubating the oxidatively cleaved BSH-dextran and the anti-EGFR1antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof in room temperature in anaqueous phosphate buffer having a pH of about 6 to 8 in step d).

The conjugate may be purified e.g. by gel filtration, for instance asdescribed in Example 4.

The present invention further relates to the production of anti-EGFR1antibodies or EGFR1 binding fragments thereof in prokaryotic host cells.Compared to other polypeptide production systems, bacteria, particularlyE. coli, provides many unique advantages. The raw materials used (i.e.bacterial cells) are inexpensive and easy to grow, therefore reducingthe cost of products. Prokaryotic hosts grow much faster than, e.g.,mammalian cells, allowing quicker analysis of genetic manipulations.Shorter generation time and ease of scaling up also make bacterialfermentation a more attractive means for large quantity proteinproduction. The genomic structure and biological activity of manybacterial species including E. coli have been well-studied and a widerange of suitable vectors are available, making expression of adesirable antibody more convenient. Antibody or antibody fragmentexpression in prokaryotic systems can be carried out in differentscales. The shake-flask cultures (in the 2-5 liter-range) typicallygenerate less than 5 mg/liter of the products (e.g. antibody fragment)whereas 50-300 mg/liter scale may be obtained in fermentation systems.

Furthermore, prokaryotic host cells may allow the production ofaglycosylated anti-EGFR antibodies or EGFR1 binding fragments thereof.

In an embodiment, the prokaryotic host cell comprises one or morepolynucleotides encoding

i) a light chain variable region and

ii) a heavy chain variable region

of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof. The term“one or more polynucleotides” may refer to two or more polynucleotidesor polynucleotide molecules that may or may not be covalently linked,directly or indirectly via one or more sequences. For instance, the twoor more polynucleotides may be comprised in an expression cassette or avector. The two or more polynucleotides may, as an example, be fused,directly or indirectly, so as to encode a fusion protein comprising boththe light chain variable region and the heavy chain variable region.They may also be comprised in two separate expression cassettes orvectors. The term “one or more polynucleotides” may also refer to asingle, continuous polynucleotide molecule comprising the one or morepolynucleotides or polynucleotide stretches encoding the light chainvariable region and the heavy chain variable region of an anti-EGFR1antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.

In an embodiment, the host cell comprises a polynucleotide according toone or more embodiments described in this specification encoding ananti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof. The host cellmay comprise one or more polynucleotides collectively encoding theanti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment. A vector can be of anytype, for example, a recombinant vector such as an expression vector.

Any of a variety of prokaryotic host cells can be used.

In an embodiment, the prokaryotic host cell is an E. coli cell.

In an embodiment, the one or more polynucleotides encoding the lightchain variable region and the heavy chain variable region are codonoptimized for the host cell, such as an E. coli cell.

In an embodiment, the prokaryotic host cell comprises a singlecontinuous polynucleotide encoding both the light chain variable regionand the heavy chain variable region of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or anEGFR1 binding fragment thereof. Such a continuous polynucleotide may bedicistronic or polycistronic.

In an embodiment, the prokaryotic host cell comprises a polynucleotideencoding a light chain variable region of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or anEGFR1 binding fragment thereof and another polynucleotide encoding aheavy chain variable region of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof.

In an embodiment, the light chain variable region is preceded by asignal peptide. The polynucleotide thus encodes both the signal peptidepreceding the light chain variable region and the light chain variableregion. The signal peptide may immediately precede the light chainvariable region, or there may be a sequence stretch between the signalpeptide and the light chain variable region. The signal peptide may beselected from the group consisting of gIII, malE, phoA, ompA, pelB,stII, and stII. The signal peptide may also be selected from the groupconsisting of ompA, pelB, stII, and stII. These signal peptides mayallow particularly high yields in the production of the antibody orfragment in a prokaryotic host cell, such as E. coli.

In an embodiment, the heavy chain variable region is preceded by asignal peptide. The signal peptide may be selected from the groupconsisting of gIII, malE, phoA, ompA, pelB, stII, and stII. The signalpeptide may also be selected from the group consisting of ompA, pelB,stII, and stII.

In an embodiment, the light chain variable region and the heavy chainvariable region are preceded by a signal peptide.

In an embodiment, the signal peptide preceding the light chain variableregion is other than the signal peptide preceding the heavy chainvariable region.

In an embodiment, the signal peptide preceding the light chain variableregion and the heavy chain variable region are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of gIII, malE, phoA, ompA, pelB, stII, andstII.

In an embodiment, the signal peptide preceding the light chain variableregion and the heavy chain variable region are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of ompA, pelB, stII, and stII.

In an embodiment, the signal peptide preceding the light chain variableregion is the same as the signal peptide preceding the heavy chainvariable region, and wherein the signal peptide is selected from thegroup consisting of gIII, malE, phoA, ompA, pelB, stII, and stII.

In an embodiment, the signal peptide preceding the light chain variableregion is the same as the signal peptide preceding the heavy chainvariable region, and wherein the signal peptide is selected from thegroup consisting of ompA, pelB, stII, and stII.

In an embodiment, the light chain variable region is preceded by thepelB signal peptide and the heavy chain variable region is preceded bythe ompA signal peptide.

In an embodiment, both the light chain variable region and the heavychain variable region are preceded by the stII signal peptide.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 and the sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO: 9.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or a sequence that is at least 90%,at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQID NO: 8, and the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 or a sequence thatis at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%,at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide encoding a light chain variableregion comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8and the polynucleotide encoding a heavy chain variable region comprisesor consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide encoding a light chain variableregion comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8,or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8, and the polynucleotideencoding a heavy chain variable region comprises or consists of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, or a sequence that is at least 90%,at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQID NO: 9.

In an embodiment, the prokaryotic host cell comprises one or morepolynucleotides encoding

i) a light chain and

ii) a heavy chain

of an anti-EGFR1 binding fragment of an antibody.

In an embodiment, the one or more polynucleotides encode an anti-EGFR1binding fragment that is a Fab or a scFv.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide encoding the light chain comprisesor consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and thepolynucleotide encoding the heavy chain sequence comprises or consistsof the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide encoding the light chain comprisesor consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, or a sequencethat is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10, and the polynucleotide encoding theheavy chain sequence comprises or consists of the sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO: 11 or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11.

In an embodiment, the one or more polynucleotides comprise or consist ofthe light chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 and the heavy chainsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11.

In an embodiment, the one or more polynucleotides comprise or consist ofthe light chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or a sequence thatis at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%,at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10, and the heavy chain sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO: 11 or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11.

In an embodiment, the host cell comprises a polynucleotide comprising orconsisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or a sequence thatis at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%,at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12.

In an embodiment, the host cell comprises a polynucleotide comprising orconsisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 or a sequence thatis at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%,at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 13.

In an embodiment, the host cell comprises a chaperone protein and/or oneor more polynucleotides encoding a chaperone protein. The chaperoneprotein may be a prokaryotic chaperone protein, such as Dsb proteins(DsbA, DsbB, DsbC, DsbD, FkpA and/or DsbG. In an embodiment, thechaperone protein is overexpressed in the host cell.

In an embodiment, the chaperone protein is DsbA and/or DsbC.

In an embodiment, the chaperone protein is selected from the groupconsisting of DnaK, DnaJ, GrpE, Skp, FkpA, GroEL, and GroES.

In an embodiment, the chaperone protein is Skp.

The term “prokaryotic host cell” as used herein, is intended to refer toa prokaryotic cell that has been genetically altered, or is capable ofbeing genetically altered by introduction of an exogenouspolynucleotide, such as a recombinant plasmid or vector. It should beunderstood that such terms are intended to refer not only to theparticular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Becausecertain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to eithermutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, beidentical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope ofthe term “prokaryotic host cell” as used herein.

Prokaryotic host cells are transfected and preferably transformed withthe above-described polynucleotides encoding anti-EGFR1 antibody orEGFR1 binding fragments thereof, for example, in expression or cloningvectors and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified asappropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, oramplifying the genes encoding the desired antibody or antibody fragmentsequences. Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic hosts include thePhoA promoter, the β-lactamase and lactose promoter systems, atryptophan (trp) promoter system and hybrid promoters such as the tac orthe trc promoter. However, other promoters that are functional inbacteria (such as other known bacterial) are suitable as well. Theirnucleotide sequences have been published, thereby enabling a skilledworker operably to ligate them to cistrons encoding the target light andheavy chains (Siebenlist et al., (1980) Cell 20: 269) using linkers oradaptors to supply any required restriction sites.

In an embodiment, the one or more polynucleotides are driven by, i.e.operably linked to, a promoter independently selected from the groupconsisting of T7, T5, and Rham.

In an embodiment, the one or more polynucleotides are driven by thepromoter T7. Prokaryotic host cells used to produce the anti-EGFR1antibodies or EGFR1 binding fragments thereof can be cultured asdescribed generally in “Molecular Cloning” laboratory manual (MichaelGreen and Joseph Sambrook; fourth edition; Cold Spring HarbourLaboratory Press; 2012). Prokaryotic host cells suitable for expressingantibodies of the invention include Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, suchas Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms. Examples of useful bacteriainclude Escherichia (e.g., E. coli), Bacilli (e.g., B. subtilis),Enterobacteria, Pseudomonas species (e.g., P. aeruginosa), Salmonellatyphimurium, Serratia marcescans, Klebsiella, Proteus, Shigella,Rhizobia, Vitreoscilla, or Paracoccus. In one embodiment, gram-negativecells are used. In one embodiment, E. coli cells are used as hosts forthe invention. Examples of E. coli strains include strain W3110(Bachmann, Cellular and Molecular Biology, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.:American Society for Microbiology, 1987), pp. 1190-1219; ATCC DepositNo. 27, 325) and derivatives thereof, including strain 33D3 havinggenotype W3110ΔfhuA (ΔtonA) ptr3 lac Iq lacL8 Δomp TΔ (nmpc-fepE) degP41kanR (U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,635) and strains 63C1 and 64B4. Other strainsand derivatives thereof, such as E. coli 294 (ATCC 31,446), E. coli B,E. coli, 1776 (ATCC 31,537) and E. coli RV308 (ATCC 31,608) are alsosuitable. These examples are illustrative rather than limiting. It maygenerally be necessary to select the appropriate bacteria taking intoconsideration replicability of the replicon in the cells of a bacterium.For example, E. coli species can be suitably used as the host whenwell-known plasmids such as pBR322, pBR325, pACYC 177, or pKN410 areused to supply the replicon. Typically the host cell may secrete minimalamounts of proteolytic enzymes, and additional protease inhibitors maydesirably be incorporated in the cell culture.

In an embodiment, the host cell is deficient for one or more proteolyticenzymes.

In an embodiment, the proteolytic enzyme is selected from the groupconsisting of Protease III, OmpT, DegP, Tsp, Protease I, Protease Mi,Protease V, Protease VI, and Lon.

After transformation, prokaryotic cells used to produce the anti-EGFR1antibodies or EGFR1 binding fragments thereof are grown in media knownin the art and suitable for culture of the selected host cells. Examplesof suitable media include Luria broth (LB), Terrific broth (TB) andMinimal synthetic media plus nutrient supplements such as yeast extract,soybean hydrolysate and other vegetable hydrolysates. In someembodiments, the media also contains a selection agent, chosen based onthe construction of the expression vector, to selectively permit growthof prokaryotic cells containing the expression vector. For example,ampicillin is added to media for growth of cells expressing ampicillinresistant gene. Any necessary supplements besides carbon, nitrogen, andinorganic phosphate sources may also be included at appropriateconcentrations introduced alone or as a mixture with another supplementor medium such as a complex nitrogen source. Optionally the culturemedium may contain one or more reducing agents selected from the groupconsisting of glutathione, cysteine, cystamine, thioglycollate,dithioerythritol and dithiothreitol.

The prokaryotic host cells are cultured at suitable temperatures. For E.coli growth, for example, the preferred temperature ranges from about20° C. to about 39° C. The pH of the medium may be any pH ranging fromabout 5 to about 9, depending mainly on the host organism. For E. coli,the pH is preferably from about 6.8 to about 7.4, and more preferablyabout 7.0. If an inducible promoter is used in the expression vector,anti-EGFR1 antibody or EGFR1 binding fragment protein expression isinduced under conditions suitable for the activation of the promoter.

In an embodiment, the anti-EGFR1 antibody or EGFR1 binding fragmentthereof are secreted into and recovered from the periplasm of theprokaryotic host cells. Protein recovery typically involves disruptingthe microorganism, generally by such means as osmotic shock, sonicationor lysis. Once cells are disrupted, cell debris or whole cells may beremoved by centrifugation or filtration. The proteins may be furtherpurified, for example, by affinity resin chromatography or Protein Lcolumns suitable for purification of Fab fragments. Alternatively,proteins can be transported into the culture media and isolated therein.Cells may be removed from the culture and the culture supernatant beingfiltered and concentrated for further purification of the proteinsproduced. The expressed polypeptides can be further isolated andidentified using commonly known methods such as polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis (PAGE) and Western blot assay.

In one aspect of the invention, anti-EGFR1 antibody or EGFR1 bindingfragment production is conducted in large quantity by a fermentationprocess. Various large-scale fed-batch fermentation procedures areavailable for production of recombinant proteins. Large-scalefermentations have at least 500 liters of capacity. These fermentors useagitator impellers to distribute oxygen and nutrients, especiallyglucose (the preferred carbon/energy source). Small scale fermentationrefers generally to fermentation in a fermentor that is no more thanapproximately 100 liters in volumetric capacity, and can range fromabout 1 liter to about 100 liters.

In a fermentation process, induction of protein expression is typicallyinitiated after the cells have been grown under suitable conditions to adesired density, e.g., an OD₅₅₀ of about 180-220, at which stage thecells are in the early stationary phase. A variety of inducers may beused, according to the vector construct employed, as is known in the artand described above. Cells may be grown for shorter periods prior toinduction. Cells are usually induced for about 12-50 hours, althoughlonger or shorter induction time may be used.

To improve the production yield and quality of the anti-EGFR1 antibodyor EGFR1 binding fragments, various fermentation conditions can bemodified. For example, to improve the proper assembly and folding of thesecreted antibody polypeptides, additional vectors overexpressingchaperone proteins, such as Dsb proteins (DsbA, DsbB, DsbC, DsbD, and/orDsbG), Skp or FkpA (a peptidylprolyl cis,trans-isomerase with chaperoneactivity) can be used to co-transform the host prokaryotic cells. Thechaperone proteins have been demonstrated to facilitate the properfolding and solubility of heterologous proteins produced in bacterialhost cells. Chen et al., (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274:19601-19605; Georgiouet al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,715; Georgiou et al., U.S. Pat. No.6,027,888; Bothmann and Pluckthun (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:17100-17105;Ramm and Pluckthun, (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:17106-17113; Arie et al.,(2001) Mol. Microbiol. 39:199-210.

In an embodiment, chaperones such as DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE, Skp, Skp/FkpA,GroEL/GroES are expressed in the bacterial host cell such as E. coli.

To minimize proteolysis of expressed anti-EGFR1 antibody or EGFR1binding fragments thereof (especially those that are proteolyticallysensitive), certain host strains deficient for proteolytic enzymes canbe used. For example, host cell strains may be modified to effectgenetic mutation(s) in the genes encoding known bacterial proteases suchas Protease III, OmpT, DegP, Tsp, Protease I, Protease Mi, Protease V,Protease VI, and combinations thereof. Some E. coli protease-deficientstrains are available and described in, for example, Joly et al.,(1998), supra; Georgiou et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,365; Georgiou etal., U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,192; Hara et al., Microbial Drug Resistance,2:63-72 (1996).

In an embodiment, E. coli strains deficient for proteolytic enzymes andtransformed with plasmids overexpressing one or more chaperone proteinsare used as host cells in the expression system of the invention.

Purification of anti-EGFR1 antibodies or EGFR1 binding fragments thereofmay be accomplished using art-recognized methods. The followingprocedures are exemplary of suitable purification procedures:fractionation on immunoaffinity or ion-exchange columns, ethanolprecipitation, reverse phase HPLC, chromatography on silica or on acation-exchange resin such as DEAE, chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE, ammoniumsulfate precipitation, and gel filtration using, for example, SephadexG-75.

In an embodiment, Protein A immobilized on a solid phase is used forimmunoaffinity purification of the anti-EGFR1 antibodies.

In an embodiment, Protein L immobilized on a solid phase is used forimmunoaffinity purification of the anti-EGFR1 antibody fragments of theinvention.

As the first step of purification, the preparation derived from the cellculture as described above is applied onto the Protein A or Protein Limmobilized solid phase to allow specific binding of the anti-EGFR1antibody to Protein A, or anti-EGFR1 antibody fragment, such as Fabfragment, to Protein L. The solid phase is then washed to removecontaminants non-specifically bound to the solid phase. Finally theantibody or antibody fragment is recovered from the solid phase byelution.

In an embodiment, the light chain variable region is preceded by thepelB signal peptide and the heavy chain variable region is preceded bythe ompA signal peptide; the host cell comprises the chaperone proteinSkp and/or a polynucleotide encoding the chaperone protein Skp; and thehost cell is deficient for the proteolytic enzymes Lon and OmpT.

In an embodiment, the light chain variable region and the heavy chainvariable region are preceded by the stII signal peptide; the host cellcomprises the chaperone protein Skp and/or a polynucleotide encoding thechaperone protein Skp; and the host cell is deficient for theproteolytic enzymes Lon and OmpT.

A polynucleotide encoding

i) a light chain variable region and

ii) a heavy chain variable region

of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof is alsodisclosed.

The term “a polynucleotide” may in this context refer to one, two ormore polynucleotides or polynucleotide molecules that may or may not becovalently linked, directly or indirectly via one or more sequences. Forinstance, the two or more polynucleotides may be comprised in anexpression cassette or a vector. The two or more polynucleotides may, asan example, be fused, directly or indirectly, so as to encode a fusionprotein comprising both the light chain variable region and the heavychain variable region. They may also be comprised in two separateexpression cassettes or vectors. The term “a polynucleotide” may alsorefer to a single, continuous polynucleotide molecule comprising the oneor more polynucleotides or polynucleotide stretches encoding the lightchain variable region and the heavy chain variable region of ananti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.

The polynucleotide may be dicistronic or polycistronic.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide encoding the light chain variableregion and the heavy chain variable region is codon optimized for a hostcell. The host cell may be a prokaryotic cell, such as an E. coli cell.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide encoding a light chain variableregion comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In an embodiment, thepolynucleotide encoding a heavy chain variable region comprises orconsists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 or a sequence that isat least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide encoding a light chain variableregion comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8and the polynucleotide encoding a heavy chain variable region comprisesor consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide encoding a light chain variableregion comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8,or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8, and the polynucleotideencoding a heavy chain variable region comprises or consists of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, or a sequence that is at least 90%,at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQID NO: 9.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide encodes

i) a light chain and

ii) a heavy chain

of an anti-EGFR1 binding fragment of an antibody.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide encodes an anti-EGFR1 bindingfragment that is a Fab or a scFv.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of the lightchain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, or a sequence that is atleast 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of the heavychain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, or a sequence that is atleast 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of the lightchain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 and the heavy chain sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO: 11.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of the lightchain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, or a sequence that is atleast 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10, and the heavy chain sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO: 11, or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, atleast 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, or a sequence that is at least 90%,at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQID NO: 12.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, or a sequence that is at least 90%,at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQID NO: 13.

In an embodiment, the light chain variable region and the heavy chainvariable region are preceded by a signal peptide. The polynucleotidethus encodes both a signal peptide and the light chain variable region,and a signal peptide and the heavy chain variable region. The two signalpeptides may be selected independently from each other, or they may bethe same signal peptide.

In an embodiment, the signal peptide preceding the light chain variableregion is other than the signal peptide preceding the heavy chainvariable region.

In an embodiment, the signal peptide preceding the light chain variableregion and the heavy chain variable region are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of gIII, malE, phoA, ompA, pelB, stII, andstII.

In an embodiment, the signal peptide preceding the light chain variableregion and the heavy chain variable region are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of ompA, pelB, stII, and stII.

In an embodiment, the signal peptide preceding the light chain variableregion is the same as the signal peptide preceding the heavy chainvariable region, and wherein the signal peptide is selected from thegroup consisting of gIII, malE, phoA, ompA, pelB, stII, and stII.

In an embodiment, the signal peptide preceding the light chain variableregion is the same as the signal peptide preceding the heavy chainvariable region, and wherein the signal peptide is selected from thegroup consisting of ompA, pelB, stII, and stII.

In an embodiment, the light chain variable region is preceded by thepelB signal peptide and the heavy chain variable region is preceded bythe ompA signal peptide.

In an embodiment, both the light chain variable region and the heavychain variable region are preceded by the stII signal peptide.

The polynucleotide may also be operatively linked to, i.e. be driven by,or comprise a promoter. The promoter may allow efficient expression ofthe polynucleotide. The promoter may also be an inducible promoter,thereby allowing inducible expression of the polynucleotide.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide is driven by, i.e. operably linkedto, or comprises, a promoter selected from the group consisting of T7,T5, and Rham.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide is driven by or comprises thepromoter T7. In an embodiment, a prokaryotic host cell produces at least20, mg/L, at least 30 mg/L, at least 50 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, atleast 200 mg/L, or at least 500 mg/L of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or anEGFR1 binding fragment of an anti-EGFR1 antibody. In an embodiment, anE. coli cell produces at least 20, mg/L, at least 30 mg/L, at least 50mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 200 mg/L, or at least 500 mg/L of ananti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment of an anti-EGFR1antibody.

In an embodiment, an E. coli cell produces at least at least 20, mg/L,at least 30 mg/L, at least 50 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 200mg/L, or at least 500 mg/L of an anti-EGFR1 Fab.

In an embodiment, an E. coli cell produces at least 20, mg/L, at least30 mg/L, at least 50 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 200 mg/L, or atleast 500 mg/L of an anti-EGFR1 scFv.

In an embodiment, an E. coli cell comprises or consists of thepolynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or a sequence that is at least90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identicalto SEQ ID NO: 8, and the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 or asequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%,at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, orat least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9, and the E. coli cell produces atleast 20, mg/L, at least 30 mg/L, at least 50 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L,at least 200 mg/L, or at least 500 mg/L of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or anEGFR1 binding fragment of an anti-EGFR1 antibody.

In an embodiment, an E. coli cell comprises or consists of thepolynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or a sequence that is at least90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identicalto SEQ ID NO: 8, and the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 or asequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%,at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, orat least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9, and the E. coli cell produces atleast 20, mg/L, at least 30 mg/L, at least 50 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L,at least 200 mg/L, or at least 500 mg/L of an anti-EGFR1 Fab or ananti-EGFR1 scFv.

In an embodiment, an E. coli cell comprises or consists of thepolynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 and the sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO: 9 and the E. coli cell produces at least 20, mg/L, at least30 mg/L, at least 50 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 200 mg/L, or atleast 500 mg/L of an anti-EGFR1 Fab or an anti-EGFR1 scFv.

In an embodiment, an E. coli cell comprises or consists of thepolynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, or a sequence that is atleast 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10, and the heavy chain sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO: 11, or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, atleast 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11, andthe E. coli cell produces at least 20, mg/L, at least 30 mg/L, at least50 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 200 mg/L, or at least 500 mg/L ofan anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment of an anti-EGFR1antibody.

In an embodiment, an E. coli cell comprises or consists of thepolynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, or a sequence that is atleast 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10, and the heavy chain sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO: 11, or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, atleast 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11, andthe E. coli cell produces at least 20, mg/L, at least 30 mg/L, at least50 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 200 mg/L, or at least 500 mg/L ofan anti-EGFR1 Fab.

In an embodiment, an E. coli cell comprises or consists of thepolynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, or a sequence that is atleast 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12, and the E. coli cell produces at least 20,mg/L, at least 30 mg/L, at least 50 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least200 mg/L, or at least 500 mg/L of an anti-EGFR1 scFv.

In an embodiment, an E. coli cell comprises or consists of thepolynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, or a sequence that is atleast 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 13, and the E. coli cell produces at least 20,mg/L, at least 30 mg/L, at least 50 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least200 mg/L, or at least 500 mg/L of an anti-EGFR1 scFv.

The present invention further relates to a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising the conjugate according to one or more embodiments of thepresent invention.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may furthercomprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Examples of suitablepharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art and mayinclude e.g. phosphate buffered saline solutions, water, oil/wateremulsions, wetting agents, and liposomes. Compositions comprising suchcarriers may be formulated by methods well known in the art. Thepharmaceutical composition may further comprise other components such asvehicles, additives, preservatives, other pharmaceutical compositionsadministrated concurrently, and the like.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an effectiveamount of the conjugate according to one or more embodiments of theinvention.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises atherapeutically effective amount of the conjugate according to one ormore embodiments of the invention.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” of theconjugate should be understood as referring to the dosage regimen formodulating the growth of cancer cells and/or treating a patient'sdisease when cancer cells are bombarded with neutron radiation orexposed to BNCT. The therapeutically effective amount may be selected inaccordance with a variety of factors, including the age, weight, sex,diet and medical condition of the patient, the severity of the disease,and pharmacological considerations, such as the activity, efficacy,pharmacokinetic and toxicology profiles of the particular conjugateused. The therapeutically effective amount can also be determined byreference to standard medical texts, such as the Physicians DeskReference 2004. The patient may be male or female, and may be an infant,child or adult.

The term “treatment” or “treat” is used in the conventional sense andmeans attending to, caring for and nursing a patient with the aim ofcombating, reducing, attenuating or alleviating an illness or healthabnormality and improving the living conditions impaired by thisillness, such as, for example, with a cancer disease.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compositionfor e.g. oral, parenteral, transdermal, intraluminal, intraarterial,intrathecal, intra-tumoral (i.t.), and/or intranasal administration orfor direct injection into tissue. Administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition may be effected in different ways, e.g. by intravenous,intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intra-tumoral, topical orintradermal administration.

The present invention further relates to the conjugate according to oneor more embodiments of the present invention or the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the conjugate according to one or moreembodiments of the present invention for use as a medicament.

The present invention further relates to the conjugate according to oneor more embodiments of the present invention or the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the conjugate according to one or moreembodiments of the present invention for use as a medicament for boronneutron capture therapy.

“Boron neutron capture therapy” (BNCT) should be understood as referringto targeted radiotherapy, wherein nonradioactive boron-10 is irradiatedwith low energy thermal neutrons to yield alpha particles and lithium-7nuclei. The nonradioactive boron-10 may be targeted by incorporating itin a tumor localizing drug such as a tumor localizing conjugate.

The present invention further relates to the conjugate according to oneor more embodiments of the present invention or the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the conjugate according to one or moreembodiments of the present invention for use in boron neutron capturetherapy.

The present invention further relates to the conjugate according to oneor more embodiments of the present invention or the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the conjugate according to one or moreembodiments of the present invention for use in the treatment of cancer.

In an embodiment, the cancer is a head-and-neck cancer.

In an embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting ofhead-and-neck cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, prostatecancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, squamouscancer, small-cell lung cancer, multidrug resistant cancer andtesticular cancer.

The present invention further relates to the conjugate according to oneor more embodiments of the present invention or the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the conjugate according to one or moreembodiments of the present invention for use in the treatment of cancerby boron neutron capture therapy.

The present invention further relates to the use of the conjugate or thepharmaceutical composition according to one or more embodiments of thepresent invention in the manufacture of a medicament.

The present invention further relates to the use of the conjugate or thepharmaceutical composition according to one or more embodiments of thepresent invention in the manufacture of a medicament for boron neutroncapture therapy.

The present invention further relates to the use of the conjugate or thepharmaceutical composition according to one or more embodiments of thepresent invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatmentof cancer.

In an embodiment, the cancer is a head-and-neck cancer.

In an embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting ofhead-and-neck cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, prostatecancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, squamouscancer, small-cell lung cancer, multidrug resistant cancer andtesticular cancer.

The present invention further relates to the use of the conjugate or thepharmaceutical composition according to one or more embodiments of thepresent invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatmentof cancer by boron neutron capture therapy.

In an embodiment, the medicament is for the intra-tumor treatment ofhead-and-neck cancer by boron neutron capture therapy.

In an embodiment, the medicament is for the intravenous treatment ofhead-and-neck cancer by boron neutron capture therapy.

In an embodiment, the medicament is for the intra-tumor and intravenoustreatment of head-and-neck cancer by boron neutron capture therapy.

The present invention also relates to a method of treating or modulatingthe growth of EGFR1 expressing tumor cells in a human, wherein theconjugate or the pharmaceutical composition according to one or moreembodiments of the invention is administered to a human in an effectiveamount.

In an embodiment, the conjugate or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to one or more embodiments of the invention is administered toa human in an effective amount in boron neutron capture therapy.

In an embodiment, the concentration of boron is analysed in tumor cellsafter administering the conjugate or the pharmaceutical composition.

In an embodiment, the concentration of boron is analysed in blood afteradministering the conjugate or the pharmaceutical composition.

In an embodiment, the concentration of boron is analysed in muscle, orin other non-tumor tissue, after administering the conjugate or thepharmaceutical composition.

The concentration of boron in tumor cells, in blood or in both may beanalysed or measured e.g. by inductively coupled plasma massspectrometry (ICP-MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic emissionspectroscopy (ICP-AES) (e.g. Example 9). These methods measure theamount (in moles) or concentration of boron atoms in the sample.

The concentration of boron in tumor cells, in blood or in both may alsobe analysed or measured indirectly, e.g. by using an embodiment of theconjugate comprising a tracking molecule and analysing or measuring theconcentration of the tracking molecule. For instance, if the trackingmolecule is fluorescent or radioactive, the fluorescence orradioactivity of the tracking molecule may be measured or visualised.

In an embodiment, the concentration of boron is analysed in tumor cellsand in blood after administering the conjugate or the pharmaceuticalcomposition, and the ratio of the concentration of boron in tumor cellsto the concentration of boron in blood is higher than 1:1, 2:1, 3:1,4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 15:1, 20:1, 30:1,40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, 110:1, 120:1, 130:1, 140:1,150:1, 200:1, 210:1, 220:1, 230:1, 240:1, or 250:1.

In an embodiment, the concentration of boron is analysed in tumor cellsand in a muscle, or in other non-tumor tissue, after administering theconjugate or the pharmaceutical composition, and the ratio of theconcentration of boron in tumor cells to the concentration of boron in amuscle, or other non-tumor tissue, is higher than 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1,5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 15:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1,50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, 110:1, 120:1, 130:1, 140:1, 150:1,200:1, 210:1, 220:1, 230:1, 240:1, or 250:1.

In an embodiment, the ratio of the concentration of boron in tumor cellsto the concentration of boron in blood, in a muscle, or in othernon-tumor tissue is the molar ratio of boron atoms in tumor cells to theboron atoms in blood, in a muscle, or in other non-tumor tissue.

The present invention also relates to a method for modulating the growthof a cell population expressing EGFR1 protein, wherein the methodcomprises the step of

contacting the conjugate according to one or more embodiments of theinvention or the pharmaceutical composition according to one or moreembodiments of the invention with the cell population expressing EGFR1protein.

In an embodiment, the cell population expressing EGFR1 protein is acancer cell population or a tumor cell population.

In this context, the term “a cancer cell population” should beunderstood as referring to one or more cancer cell populations.

The conjugate may be contacted in vitro, in vivo and/or ex vivo to withthe cell population, for example, cancer cells, including, for example,cancer of the blood, plasma, lung, breast, colon, prostate, kidney,pancreas, brain, bones, ovary, testes, and lymphatic organs; morepreferably lung, colon prostrate, plasma, blood or colon cancer;“Modulating the growth of cancer cell populations” includes inhibitingthe proliferation of cell populations from dividing to produce morecells; reducing the rate of increase in cell division as compared, forexample, to untreated cells; killing cell populations; and/or preventingcell populations (such as cancer cells) from metastasizing. The growthof cell populations may be modulated in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo.

In an embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting ofhead-and-neck cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, prostatecancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, squamouscancer, small-cell lung cancer, multidrug resistant cancer andtesticular cancer.

The present invention further relates to a method of treating and/ormodulating the growth of and/or prophylaxis of tumor cells in humans,wherein the conjugate or the pharmaceutical composition according to oneor more embodiments of the invention is administered to a human in aneffective amount.

In an embodiment, the effective amount is a therapeutically effectiveamount.

In an embodiment, the conjugate or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to one or more embodiments of the invention is administered toa human in an effective amount in boron neutron capture therapy.

In an embodiment, the tumor cells are selected from the group consistingof leukemia cells, lymphoma cells, breast cancer cells, prostate cancercells, ovarian cancer cells, colorectal cancer cells, gastric cancercells, squamous cancer cells, small-cell lung cancer cells,head-and-neck cancer cells, multidrug resistant cancer cells, andtesticular cancer cells, metastatic, advanced, drug- orhormone-resistant, multidrug resistant cancer cells, and versionsthereof.

The present invention further relates to a method of treating cancer inhumans, wherein the conjugate or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to one or more embodiments of the invention is administered toa human in an effective amount.

In an embodiment, the conjugate or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to one or more embodiments of the invention is administered toa human in an effective amount in boron neutron capture therapy.

In an embodiment, the effective amount is a therapeutically effectiveamount.

In an embodiment, the conjugate or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to one or more embodiments of the invention is administeredintravenously to a human in a therapeutically effective amount in boronneutron capture therapy.

In an embodiment, the conjugate or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to one or more embodiments of the invention is administeredintra-tumorally to a human in a therapeutically effective amount inboron neutron capture therapy.

In an embodiment, the conjugate or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to one or more embodiments of the invention is administeredintra-tumorally and intravenously to a human in a therapeuticallyeffective amount in boron neutron capture therapy.

In an embodiment, the conjugate or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to one or more embodiments of the invention is administeredintra-tumorally into head-and-neck tumor in a therapeutically effectiveamount in boron neutron capture therapy.

In an embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting ofhead-and-neck cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, prostatecancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, squamouscancer, small-cell lung cancer, multidrug resistant cancer andtesticular cancer.

In an embodiment, the conjugate or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to one or more embodiments comprises an anti-EGFR1 antibody orEGFR1 binding fragment thereof that is obtainable by a method comprising

culturing the prokaryotic host cell according to one or moreembodiments; and

isolating and/or purifying the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 bindingfragment thereof.

In an embodiment, the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragmentthereof of the conjugate or the pharmaceutical composition according toone or more embodiments comprises or consists of the amino acid sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO: 15.

The invention also relates to a method for treating or modulating thegrowth of EGFR1 expressing tumor cells in a human, wherein the conjugateaccording to one or more embodiments or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to one or more embodiments is administered to a human in aneffective amount. The embodiments of the invention describedhereinbefore may be used in any combination with each other. Several ofthe embodiments may be combined together to form a further embodiment ofthe invention. A product, a use or a method to which the invention isrelated may comprise at least one of the embodiments of the inventiondescribed hereinbefore.

The conjugate according to one or more embodiments of the invention hasa number of advantageous properties.

The conjugate according to one or more embodiments of the invention isrelatively non-toxic in the absence of low energy neutron irradiationand has low antigenicity.

It contains a high number of boron-10 atoms per conjugate molecule.Further, it exhibits relatively good aqueous solubility.

The conjugate according to one or more embodiments of the invention alsoexhibits good pharmacokinetics. It has suitable retention in blood, highuptake in cells to which it is targeted and low uptake in cells andorgans to which it is not targeted.

Its production process is relatively simple and can be performed inaqueous solutions.

The conjugate according to one or more embodiments of the invention issufficiently stable towards chemical or biochemical degradation duringmanufacturing or in physiological conditions, e.g. in blood, serum,plasma or tissues.

EXAMPLES

In the following, the present invention will be described in moredetail. Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of thepresent invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. The description below discloses some embodiments of theinvention in such detail that a person skilled in the art is able toutilize the invention based on the disclosure. Not all steps of theembodiments are discussed in detail, as many of the steps will beobvious for the person skilled in the art based on this specification.

Example 1. Allylation of Dextran

200 mg Dextran 70 kD (Sigma) was dissolved in 2 ml of 0.6 M NaOH. 250 μlof allyl bromide (Sigma) was added, and the reaction was allowed toproceed for 3 h at 60° C. The reaction mixture was then neutralized with1M acetic acid and the product was isolated by precipitation with 10volumes of cold acetone (−20° C.). Precipitate was collected bycentrifugation and washed twice with acetone. The allylated dextran(Scheme 1) was subjected to ¹H-NMR analysis, which showed that the levelof allylation was ca. 36%.

Example 2. Addition of BSH to Allyl Dextran

50 mg allyl dextran 70 kD prepared as described in Example 1, 50 mgammonium persulfate and 50 mg sodium borocaptate (BSH; Katchem Ltd,Czech Republic) were dissolved in 0.5 ml H₂O.

The reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 h at 50° C. The reactionproduct, BSH-dextran (Scheme 2), was isolated with ultrafiltration usingcentrifugal filter (Amicon, 10K cut-off). ¹H-NMR analysis showed that onaverage 100 BSH units were linked to allyl dextran, corresponding to1200 boron atoms per dextran chain (FIG. 1). With minor modifications,e.g. by use of lower allylation level in dextran, BSH dextran with ca.900 borons or 800 borons per dextran chain were obtained.

By varying the amount of BSH and persulfate in the reaction describedabove, it was possible to prepare BSH-dextrans with a clearly lower BSHlevel: 1) In a reaction containing 20 mg allyl dextran, 15 mg ammoniumpersulfate and 15 mg BSH, the isolated BSH-dextran was found to containca. 700 boron atoms per dextran chain. 2) In a reaction containing 20 mgallyl dextran, 10 mg ammonium persulfate and 10 mg BSH, the isolatedBSH-dextran was found to contain ca. 560 boron atoms per dextran chain.3) In a reaction containing 20 mg allyl dextran, 5 mg ammoniumpersulfate and 5 mg BSH, the isolated BSH-dextran was found to containca. 360 boron atoms per dextran chain.

Example 3. Oxidation of BSH-Dextran

50 mg of BSH-dextran prepared as described in Example 2 was dissolved in3 ml of 25 mM NaIO₄ in 0.1 M sodium acetate, pH 5.5. The reaction tubewas covered with aluminium foil and incubated at RT overnight. Thereaction product, oxidized BSH-dextran (Scheme 3), was isolated withultrafiltration using a centrifugal filter (Amicon, 10K cut-off).

Example 4. Conjugation of Oxidized BSH-Dextran to Anti-EGFR1 Fab/F(ab′)2

2 mg (40 nmol) of anti-EGFR1 Fab in 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline(PBS) was mixed with 5.1 mg (60 nmol) of oxidized BSH-dextran (Example3) in 1.6 ml of PBS. Reaction was allowed to proceed overnight at RT.400 μl of 0.5 M NaCNBH₃ was added to the reaction to stabilize thealdehyde-lysine linkages and the reaction was incubated for 2 hours atRT. 800 μl of 0.2 M ethanolamine-HCl pH 8 was added and the reaction wasincubated for 1 hour at RT. 400 μl of 0.5 M NaCNBH₃ was added tostabilize ethanolamine capping and the reaction was incubated for 2hours at RT. Low molecular weight reagents were removed by a Amiconcentrifugal filter unit (MWCO 30K) according to the manufacturer'sinstructions using PBS as the washing eluent.

2 mg (40 nmol) of anti-EGFR1 F(ab′)2 in 2 ml of phosphate bufferedsaline (PBS) was mixed with 2.56 mg (30 nmol) of oxidized BSH-dextran(Example 3) in 1.6 ml of PBS. Conjugate was stabilized, capped andpurified by ultrafiltration as above.

Both conjugates were analyzed by Äkta purifier (GE Healthcare) with aYarra 3 μm SEC-3000 gel filtration column (300×7.8 mm; Phenomenex) using10% acetonitrile (ACN)-50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 as the elution buffer(FIG. 2).

Example 5. Generation of Anti-EGFR1-Fab and -F(Ab′)2, and Control-Faband -F(Ab′)2 Fragments

Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments were generated either from commercialcetuximab (Erbitux, Roche) or cetuximab produced in CHO cells (FreedomCHO-S kit, Invitrogen). Freedom CHO-S Kit (Life Technologies) was usedfor the development of stable cell lines producing cetuximab. The workwas done according to manufacturer's instructions. Optimized nucleotidesequences encoding the heavy and light chain sequences were purchasedfrom GeneArt (Life Technologies) and cloned separately into pCEP4expression vectors (Life Technologies). For stable expression, theFreeStyle™ CHO-S cells were transfected with linearized 1:1 light chainand heavy chain vectors. Transfectants were selected with puromycin andmethotrexate after which clone isolation was done by limited dilutioncloning. Cloned cell lines were scaled up and assessed for productivity.

Control-Fab and -F(ab′)2 fragments were generated from commercialomalizumab (anti-IgE) (Xolair, Novartis).

Anti-EGFR1 Fab fragments were prepared by digesting antibody withimmobilized papain (Pierce) according to manufacturer's instructionswith minor modifications. The used ratio of enzyme to substrate was 1:60(w/w) and incubation time was 7 h. Fab fragments were separated fromundigested IgG and Fc fragments with a column of immobilized protein A(Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Anti-EGFR1 F(ab′)2 fragments were prepared by digesting the antibodywith either FragIT MaxiSpin (Genovis) according to manufacturer'sinstructions or with Fabricator enzyme (Genovis) according to themanufacturer's instructions with minor modifications. Fabricator enzymedigestion was performed with 120 Units of enzyme per mg of antibody in50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6.6 and incubation time was 1 h at +37°C. F(ab′)2 fragments were purified with an immobilized HiTrap protein Lcolumn (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturer's instructions.Reaction buffer was changed to PBS with Amicon Ultra concentrator(Millipore) (10 kDa cutoff).

The generated fragments were identified with SDS-PAGE and the proteinconcentration of each fragment was determined by measuring UV absorbanceat 280 nm.

Example 6. SDS-PAGE Analysis of Boron Conjugates

Boron conjugates of anti-EGFR1 Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments were analyzedusing SDS-PAGE in order to verify that the conjugations have beensuccessful and that unconjugated Fab or F(ab′)2 fragments are notpresent after conjugation. Figure shows an SDS-PAGE analysis ofanti-EGFR1 Fab/F(ab′)2 boron conjugates with different amounts of boronin a gradient gel (Bio-Rad, 4-15%) under nonreducing (panel A) andreducing (panel B) conditions. The results of panel A show thatconjugation has been complete (or near complete) because unconjugatedFab or F(ab′)2 fragments were not visible. BSH is a negatively chargedmolecule and when conjugated to a protein the migration velocity of aconjugate is faster on a gel than expected based on its theoreticalmolecular weight. The example of FIG. 3 (Panel A) indicates thatconjugates with high amount of boron migrate faster on a nonreducing gelthan conjugates with lower amount of boron (e.g. compare lanes 1, 2, 4and 6). The results of FIG. 3 (Panel A) also indicate that most of theconjugates are separated into two bands on a nonreducing gel implyingthat the samples contain a mixture of two different kinds of conjugates.SDS-PAGE analysis of boron conjugates in reducing conditions (FIG. 3,panel B) show that all Fab conjugates with different amounts of boronmigrate similarly on the gel under reducing conditions (Lanes 1, 2, 4,6). Likewise, reduced F(ab′)2 conjugates with different amounts of boronmigrate identically (Lanes 3, 5, 7). In general, reduced boronconjugates migrate faster on the gel than nonreduced conjugates.

Example 7. In Vitro Internalization Assays of Boron ConjugatesAlexaFluor488 Labeling of Boron Conjugates

5 μg AlexaFluor488 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester label(Invitrogen) was incubated with 100 μg of boron conjugates(anti-EGFR1-Fab, anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2, anti-EGFR1-mAb, control-Fab,control-F(ab′)2, control-mAb) or corresponding nonconjugated compoundsfor 15 min at room temperature in a buffer containing 10 μl 1 M NaHCO₃,pH 9 in 100 μl PBS. After incubation excess label was removed bychanging the buffer to PBS with Amicon Ultra concentrator (Millipore)(10 kDa cutoff). Protein concentration of each compound was determinedby measuring UV absorbance at 280 nm and the degree of labeling wascalculated according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen).

Tritium Labeling of Boron Conjugates

After removal of toluene solvent by evaporation, 100 μCi tritium labeledN-succinimidyl propionate (Perkin Elmer) was incubated with 100 μg ofanti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH(800B)-Dex, anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2-BSH(800B)-Dex,anti-EGFR1-mAb and control-mAb in a buffer containing 20 μl 1 MNa-borate buffer, pH 8.8 in 100 μl PBS. Reaction was allowed to proceedovernight at room temperature and then excess label was removed bychanging the buffer to PBS with an Amicon Ultra concentrator (10 kDacutoff). The amount of radioactivity was measured with a scintillationcounter in the presence of a scintillation fluid cocktail (Ultima Gold,Perkin Elmer). The amount of tritium label in compounds was calculatedas cpm/μg protein.

Cell Culture

HSC-2 cells (human squamous cell carcinoma of mouth, JCRP Cellbank,Japan) and FaDu cells (human squamous cell carcinoma of pharynx, ATCC)were cultured in T75 flasks in Eagle's minimal essential medium with 2%glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. HEK(Human Embryonic Kidney, ATCC) cells were cultured in T75 flasks inDulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium with 2% glutamine, 10% fetal bovineserum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin.

Internalization Assay Visualized in Fluorescence Microscopy

HSC-2 cells (5×10⁴) were seeded on a chamber slide and allowed to growfor 24 h. Then the cells were incubated for 3 h at +37° C. or at +4° C.in 100 μl media containing 10 μg/ml AlexaFluor488 labeledBSH-conjugates. After incubation cells were washed two times with PBSand fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min. Mounting media (ProlongGold antifade reagent with DAPI) was added and the cells were coveredwith microscopy cover slips. Cells were photographed with fluorescencemicroscopy (Zeiss Axio Scope A1; ProgRes C5, JENOPTIK AG).

Internalization of anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2-BSH(900B)-Dex and nonconjugatedanti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2 by HSC-2 tumor cell line was analyzed by fluorescencemicroscopy (FIG. 4). The experiment was carried out at +4° C. (compoundsbind to the cell surface but cannot be internalized) and at +37° C.(cells are able to internalize the surface-bound compounds). Bothnonconjugated anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2 and boron conjugate bound to the cellsurface at +4° C. (Panels A and B) and were internalized at +37° C.(Panels C and D). In fact, boron conjugate was internalized moreefficiently than nonconjugated anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2. Internalization assaywith anti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH(900B)-Dex and EGFR1-mAb-BSH(900B)-Dex andcorresponding nonconjugated anti-EGFR1-Fab and anti-EGFR1-mAb gave verysimilar results to the data presented in FIG. 4 (not shown). The effectof boron load for internalization was examined using boron conjugates(anti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH-Dex and anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2-BSH-Dex) with differentamounts of boron. The results indicated that conjugates with more boronwere internalized more efficiently by HSC-2 cells than conjugates withlow boron load at +37° C. (not shown). Control-F(ab′)2-BSH(900B)-Dex wasinternalized only very weakly (not shown).

Internalization Assay (FACS)

HSC-2, FaDu and HEK cells (2×10⁵) were seeded on a 24 well plate andallowed to grow for 24 h. Then the cells were incubated for 3 h at +37°C. in 300 μl media containing 5 μg/ml AlexaFluor488 labeled compounds.After incubation the cells were washed two times with PBS and detachedby incubating with 100 μl Trypsin-EDTA for 10 min at +37° C. Cells wereneutralized by adding 300 μl of media and resuspended in PBS andanalyzed using a flow cytometer (FACS LRS II). The mean fluorescenceintensity of each sample was calculated using FACS Diva software. Thedata presented in Tables 1-3 is expressed as “Normalized meanfluorescence intensity” where the fluorescence intensity has beennormalized to the degree of labeling for each compound.

Assays with FACS

Internalization of fluorescently labeled boron conjugates (900 boronatoms) and nonconjugated Ab fragments by human HNC cancer cell lineHSC-2 was evaluated using FACS. The results represent internalized pluscell surface bound compounds that occurs when cells have been incubatedat +37° C. (Table 1). Anti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH-Dex was internalized moreefficiently than other boron conjugates or nonconjugated anti-EGFR1-Fab.Other anti-EGFR1 boron conjugates (anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2-BSH-Dex andanti-EGFR1-mAb-BSH-Dex) were internalized equally well to nonconjugatedanti-EGFR1-Fab and anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2. Boron conjugates ofcontrol-F(ab′)2 and -mAb were internalized very weakly.

TABLE 1 Cell surface binding and internalization of fluorescentlylabeled boron conjugates and nonconjugated compounds by HSC-2 cells.Analysis has been carried out by FACS and fluorescence intensity hasbeen normalized to the degree of labeling for each compound. HSC-2Normalized mean fluorescence Sample intensityAnti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH(900B)-Dex 158700 Anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2-BSH(900B)-Dex81100 Control-F(ab′)2-BSH(900B)-Dex 2200 Anti-EGFR1-mAb-BSH(900B)-Dex92700 Control-mAb-BSH(900B)-Dex 8200 Anti-EGFR1-Fab 99500Anti-EGFRl-F(ab′)2 93100 Anti-EGFR1-mAb 21300 Control-mAb 700

Boron conjugates with different amounts of boron (360-900 boron atoms)were synthesized from anti-EGFR1 F(ab′)2 and -Fab to study the effect ofboron load in the internalization process. Example shows internalizationassay with fluorescently labeled conjugates using human HNC cancer cellline HSC-2 and a control human cell line HEK. The results from flowcytometric analysis represent internalized plus cell surface boundcompounds that occurs when cells have been incubated at +37° C. (Table2). Internalization of all boron conjugates of anti-EGFR1 Ab fragmentswas very similar as analyzed by flow cytometry. However, experimentswith microscopy revealed that conjugates with more boron wereinternalized more efficiently than conjugates with low boron load (notshown).

TABLE 2 Cell surface binding and internalization of fluorescentlylabeled boron conjugates with different amounts of boron by HSC-2 andHEK cells. Analysis has been carried out by flow cytometry andfluorescence intensity has been normalized to the degree of labeling foreach compound. HSC-2 HEK Normalized mean Sample fluorescence intensityAnti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH(900B)-Dex 33900 Anti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH(700B)-Dex 48300590 Anti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH(560B)-Dex 48000 860 Anti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH(360B)-Dex37000 470 Anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2 -BSH(700B)-Dex 41900 600 Anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2-BSH(560B)-Dex 48400 530 Anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2 -BSH(360B)-Dex 43100 470Anti-EGFR1-mAb 10700 110

Internalization of fluorescently labeled boron conjugates (1200 or 800boron atoms) and nonconjugated Ab fragments by human HNC cancer celllines (HSC-2 and FaDu) and a control cell line HEK was evaluated usingflow cytometry. The results represent internalized plus cell surfacebound compounds that occurs when cells have been incubated at +37° C.(Table 3). Anti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH(1200B)-Dex and nonconjugatedanti-EGFR1-Fab showed strongest internalization by HSC-2 and FaDu cells.Internalization by FaDu cells has been consistently weaker than by HSC-2cells, likely due to the smaller amount of EGFR1 receptors at the cellsurface. Control boron conjugates (control-Fab-BSH(800B)-Dex andcontrol-F(ab′)2-BSH(800B)-Dex) and corresponding nonconjugated compoundswere internalized very weakly. Control cell line HEK internalized theboron conjugates and nonconjugated compounds only very weakly.

TABLE 3 Cell surface binding and internalization of fluorescentlylabeled boron conjugates (1200B or 800B) and nonconjugated compounds byHSC-2, FaDu and HEK cells. Analysis has been carried out by flowcytometry and fluorescence intensity has been normalized to the degreeof labeling for each compound. HSC-2 FaDu HEK Normalized mean Samplefluorescence intensity Anti-EGFR1-Fab 43006 6820 274 Anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)218432 3461 168 Control-Fab 1165 970 555 Control-F(ab′)2 823 443 337Anti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH(1200)-Dex 45270 8060 615Anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2-BSH(1200)-Dex 10043 2813 198 Control-Fab-BSH(800)-Dex1233 428 158 Control-F(ab′)2 -BSH(800)-Dex 236 169 61Internalization Assay with Radiolabeled Samples

HSC-2, FaDu and HEK cells (2×10⁵) were seeded on a 24 well plate andallowed to grow for 24 h. Then the cells were incubated for 3 h at +37°C. in 300 μl media containing 5 μg/ml tritium labeled compounds. Afterincubation media was removed and cells were washed three times with PBSand lysed by adding 300 μl 1 M NaOH. The amount of radioactivity inmedia and cell lysates was measured with scintillation counter in thepresence of scintillation fluid cocktail (Ultima Gold). The amount ofinternalized compounds was calculated from the total amount ofradioactivity per well and normalized to 100 000 cells.

Boron conjugates (800 boron atoms) of anti-EGFR1-Fab and -F(ab′)2 aswell as nonconjugated anti-EGFR1-mAb were labeled with tritium to thelysine residues of a protein part. Internalization assay withradiolabeled compounds was carried out using human HNC cancer celllines, HSC-2 and FaDu, as well as a control cell line HEK. The resultsrepresent internalized plus cell surface bound compounds that occur whencells have been incubated at +37° C. The results (Table 4) indicate thatboron conjugates of anti-EGFR1-Fab and -F(ab′)2 were internalized asefficiently as nonconjugated anti-EGFR1-mAb by HSC-2 and FaDu cells.Internalization by HSC-2 cells was 100 times stronger than by FaDu cellslikely due to the higher amount of EGFR1 receptors at the cell surfacein HSC-2 cells. Control cell line HEK showed only very weakinternalization.

TABLE 4 Internalization of radiolabeled boron conjugates by HSC-2, FaDuand HEK cells. The amount of internalized compounds has been calculatedfrom the total amount of radioactivity per well and normalized to 100000 cells. The results are an average of three determinations +/− S.D.HSC-2 FaDu HER Samples % internalized/100000 cells Anti-EGFR1-Fab- 4.0 ±0.3 0.04 ± 0.02 0.004 ± 0.001 BSH(800B)-Dex Anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2- 5.4 ±1.0 0.06 ± 0.02 0.006 ± 0.001 BSH(800B)-Dex Anti-EGFR1-mAb 5.0 ± 0.50.04 ± 0.02 0.007 ± 0.001 Control-mAb 0.1 ± 0.1 0.01 ± 0.01 0.002 ±0.002

Example 8. In Vivo Experiments with Tritium Labeled ConjugatesPreparation of Mouse Tissues and Blood Samples for Liquid ScintillationCounting

Weighted mouse organs were dissolved to 1 ml of tissue solubilizer(Solvable™, Perkin Elmer) per 0.2 g tissue. Samples were incubatedovernight at +60° C. Then 150 μl of H₂O₂ was added per 300 μl ofdissolved organ and samples were incubated for one hour at +60° C. Boneswere treated first with 1 M HCl overnight at +60° C. and then withSolvable and H₂O₂. The amount of radioactivity in the organs wasmeasured with scintillation counter in a presence of scintillation fluidcocktail (Ultima Gold™, Perkin Elmer). Data is presented as percent oftotal injected dose in g of tissue. The results are an average of threemice+/−SEM. Since each of the mice had two tumors, the results in tumorsare an average of six determinations+/−SEM.

Blood samples in clearance tests were collected in Eppendorf tubes andthe volumes were measured after adding 100 μl of Solvable and overnightincubation at +60° C. Then 100 μl of H₂O₂ was added and samples wereincubated for one hour at +60° C. The amount of radioactivity in theblood samples was measured with scintillation counter in the presence ofscintillation fluid cocktail (Ultima Gold, Perkin Elmer). Data ispresented as a percent of total injected dose. The results are anaverage of two mice.

Blood Clearance of Boron Conjugates in Non-Tumor Mice

Female adult mice of the same age (Harlan HSD:Athymic nude Foxn1nu) wereused. Radiolabeled (3H) boron conjugates of anti-EGFR1-Fab and -F(ab′)2with 800B and 300B boron load were injected i.v. via tail vein in 100 μlPBS. Injected dose was 30 μg=1.3-2×106 cpm per mouse and two mice persample were used. Blood samples of approximately 10 μl were collectedbefore and after injection at different time points and counted forradioactivity. At the end of the experiment (48 h) mice were sacrificedand organs were collected and counted for radioactivity fordetermination of tissue biodistribution of the conjugates.

Blood clearance study in non-tumor mice was carried out using 3H-labeledboron conjugates of anti-EGFR1-Fab and -F(ab′)2 with 800B and 300B boronload. Two different boron loads were used to see whether the boron loadhas an effect on the clearance rate of the conjugate from bloodcirculation. The results indicate that blood clearance of boronconjugates was rapid and independent on the boron load (Table 5).Clearance rate was comparable to the clearance of correspondingnon-conjugated F(ab′)2 and Fab fragments (not shown). Tissuedistribution study indicated that the boron conjugates were notaccumulated into any organs at 48 h (not shown).

TABLE 5 Blood clearance of boron conjugates in non-tumor mice. Theresults are an average of two determinations. Time is time afteradministration (min) and values % of total injected dose. Anti- Anti-Anti- Anti- EGFR- EGFR- EGFR- EGFR- Fab- Fab- Fab2- Fab2- BSH(300)-BSH(800)- BSH(300)- BSH(800)- Time Dex Dex Dex Dex 0 100.0 100.0 100.0100.0 5 35.4 31.3 42.9 40.8 15 31.8 19.9 34.3 20.2 30 26.7 10.5 29.316.3 60 13.6 10.7 22.6 9.7 120 6.8 5.2 16.1 6.3 240 4.6 2.5 9.4 4.3 4602.4 2.0 4.1 1.7 1440 0.9 0.8 1.7 1.1 2880 0.4 0.4 0.6

Biodistribution of Boron Conjugates in HSC-2 Tumor Mice

Female adult mice of the same age (Harlan HSD:Athymic nude Foxn1nu) wereused. Two and half to three million HSC-2 cells (JCRP Cellbank, Japan)in 150 μl in EME-media and 50% Matrigel were inoculated to both flanksof nude mice. The dosing was given when at least one tumor per mouse hasgrown to at least 6 mm diameter in size (6-10 mm) corresponding roughlyto tumor volume of 100-500 mm³. Radiolabeled (3H) boron conjugates(800B) of anti-EGFR1-Fab/F(ab′)2 and control-Fab/F(ab′)2 were injectedi.v. via tail vein in 100 μl PBS. Injected dose was 50 μg=1.3-2.6×106cpm per mouse and three mice per sample were used. Mice were sacrificedat different time points (24 h, 48 h and 72 h) and organs were collectedand counted for radioactivity for determination of tissuebiodistribution of the conjugates.

Tissue distribution of boron conjugates (Table 6) show that boronconjugates of anti-EGFR1-Fab and -F(ab′)2 accumulated into tumors butnot in any other organs, whereas control boron conjugates did notsignificantly accumulate into tumors. Tumor accumulation of boronconjugates of anti-EGFR1-Fab and -F(ab′)2 was highest at 24 h and slowlydecreased at later time points (48 h and 72 h).

TABLE 6 Biodistribution of boron conjugates in HSC-2 tumor mice. Theresults represent an average of three determinations +/− SEM except fortumors that are an average of six determinations +/− SEM. Values are %of total injected dose/g organ. Anti- Anti- EGFR- EGFR- Control-Control- Fab- Fab2- Fab- Fab2- BSH(800)- BSH(800)- BSH(800)- BSH(800)-Organ Dex Dex Dex Dex 24 h blood 0.23 ± 0.02 0.34 ± 0.07 0.23 ± 0.050.47 ± 0.23 urine 0.16 ± 0.07 2.22 ± 0.9  0.94 ± 0.05 3.03 ± 1.16 liver0.34 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.07 0.29 ± 0.14 kidney 0.28 ± 0.01 0.31± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.15 lung 0.19 ± 0.02 0.44 ± 0.14 0.19 ± 0.040.45 ± 0.30 muscle 0.19 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.05 0.17 ± 0.06 0.20 ± 0.09 skin0.23 ± 0.02 0.31 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.15 tumor 1.00 ± 0.08 0.75 ±0.15 0.32 ± 0.60 0.57 ± 0.27 48 h blood 0.10 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ±0.01 0.20 ± 0.02 urine 0.36 ± 0.11 0.46 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.17 1.00 ± 0.32liver 0.23 ± 0.04 0.18 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.03 kidney 0.17 ± 0.020.14 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01 lung 0.10 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.09 ±0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 muscle 0.11 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01skin 0.12 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.04 0.18 ± 0.02 tumor 0.41 ± 0.060.58 ± 0.06 0.21 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02 72 h blood 0.06 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.010.08 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 urine 0.23 ± 0.07 0.24 ± 0.10 0.23 ± 0.02 0.30 ±0.05 liver 0.11 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 kidney 0.11 ±0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 lung 0.05 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.010.05 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 muscle 0.07 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08± 0.02 skin 0.08 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 tumor 0.25 ±0.04 0.30 ± 0.05 0.11 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.02

Tumor vs. blood distribution of boron conjugates in HSC-2 xenograft micewas calculated at different time points (24 h, 48 h and 72 h) (Table 7).Tumor/blood ratio was 4-5 for anti-EGFR1-Fab conjugate and 2-6 foranti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2 conjugate. Anti-EGFR1-Fab-BSH-Dex reached the maximumratio earlier (24 h) than anti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2-BSH-Dex (48 h). Tumor/bloodratio of control conjugates remained at a constant level throughout thestudy (approximately 1-2).

TABLE 7 Tumor/blood distribution of boron conjugates in HSC-2 tumormice. The results are based on an average of three determinations forblood samples and an average of six determinations for tumors (2 tumorsper mouse) +/− S.D. Boron conjugate 24 h 48 h 72 h Anti-EGFR-Fab- 4.2 ±0.3 4.2 ± 1.1 4.0 ± 0.9 BSH(800B) Anti-EGFR-Fab2- 2.2 ± 0.3 6.1 ± 1.43.8 ± 1.0 BSH(800B)-dex Control-Fab- 1.5 ± 0.3 2.2 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 0.3BSH(800B)-dex Control-Fab2- 1.5 ± 0.5 1.8 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.5 BSH(800B)-dex

Biodistribution of Boron Conjugates in FaDu Tumor Mice

Female adult mice of the same age (Charles River Crl:Athymic nudeFoxn1nu) were used. Three million FaDu cells (ATCC) in 150 μl inEME-media and 50% Matrigel were inoculated to both flanks of nude mice.The dosing was given when at least one tumor per mouse has grown to atleast 6 mm diameter in size (6-10 mm) corresponding roughly to tumorvolume of 100-500 mm³. Radiolabeled (3H) boron conjugates (800B or1200B) of anti-EGFR1-Fab/F(ab′)2 and control-Fab/F(ab′)2 were injectedi.v. via tail vein in 100 μl PBS. Injected dose was 50 μg=2.3-2.7×10⁶cpm per mouse and three mice per sample were used. Mice were sacrificedat two different time points (24 h and 48 h) and organs were collectedand counted for radioactivity for determination of tissuebiodistribution of the conjugates.

Biodistribution study in FaDu xenograft tumor mice was carried out usinganti-EGFR1-F(ab′)2-BSH(800B)-Dex and anti-EGFR1-Fab(800B or1200B)-BSH-Dex and boron conjugates (800B) of control-F(ab′)2 and -Fab.The conjugates were radiolabeled (3H) to lysine residues of a protein.Radioactivity in tissue samples, including tumors and blood, werecounted at two different time points (24 h and 48 h). Tissuedistribution of boron conjugates (Table 8) show that boron conjugates ofanti-EGFR1-Fab and -F(ab′)2 accumulated into tumors but notsignificantly in any other organs, whereas control boron conjugates didnot significantly accumulate into tumors. Control-F(ab′)2-BSH(800B)-Dexcan be still be found in blood circulation and in all organs at 24 h,but is cleared from circulation at 48 h. Tumor accumulation of boronconjugates of anti-EGFR1-Fab and -F(ab′)2 was highest at 24 h anddecreased at 48 h.

TABLE 8 Biodistribution of boron conjugates in FaDu tumor mice. Theresults represent an average of three determinations +/− SEM except fortumors that are an average of six determinations +/− SEM. values are %of total injected dose/g organ. Anti- Anti- Anti- EGFR- EGFR- EGFR-Control- Control- Fab- Fab- Fab2- Fab- Fab2- BSH(800)- BSH(1200)-BSH(1200)- BSH(800)- BSH(800)- Organ Dex Dex Dex Dex Dex 24 h blood 0.34± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.02 0.52 ± 0.05 urine 2.45 ± 0.580.94 ± 0.06 0.59 ± 0.25 1.95 ± 0.38 3.48 ± 0.42 liver 0.30 ± 0.02 0.35 ±0.01 0.29 ± 0.04 0.30 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.05 kidney 0.29 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.020.15 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.02 0.44 ± 0.05 lung 0.15 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.09 ±0.02 0.18 ± 0.01 0.32 ± 0.04 muscle 0.15 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.010.19 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.03 skin 0.20 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.01 0.23 ±0.04 0.53 ± 0.09 tumor 1.44 ± 0.34 0.93 ± 0.23 0.73 ± 0.10 0.41 ± 0.060.86 ± 0.13 48 h blood 0.14 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.010.22 ± 0.04 urine 0.77 ± 0.07 0.33 ± 0.05 0.42 ± 0.08 0.66 ± 0.09 1.05 ±0.15 liver 0.17 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.03kidney 0.14 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.02 lung0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01 muscle 0.12± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.02 skin 0.11 ± 0.010.08 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 tumor 0.70 ± 0.11 0.39 ±0.13 0.31 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.04Tumor Vs. Blood Distribution of Boron Conjugates in

FaDu xenograft mice was calculated at 24 h and 48 h (Table 9).Tumor/blood ratio was approximately 7 for anti-EGFR1-Fab and -F(ab′)2conjugates with 1200 borons at 24 h, and the ratio decreased to 3-4 at48 h suggesting that the labeled protein is degraded and is secreted outof the cells. Tumor/blood ratio of anti-EGFR1-Fab conjugate with 800borons was approximately 4-5 at both time points. The ratio of controlconjugates remained at a constant level (approximately 1-2).

TABLE 9 Tumor/blood distribution of boron conjugates in FaDu tumor mice.The results are based on an average of three determinations for bloodsamples and an average of six determinations for tumors (2 tumors permouse) +/− S.D. Boron conjugate 24 h 48 h anti-EGFR-Fab-BSH(800)-dex 4.4± 2.2 5.5 ± 1.5 anti-EGFR-Fab-BSH(1200)-dex 6.9 ± 2.8 3.4 ± 2.0anti-EGFR-Fab2-BSH(1200)-dex 7.6 ± 1.7 4.2 ± 1.1control-Fab-BSH(800)-dex 1.8 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 0.2 control-Fab2-BSH(800)-dex1.7 ± 0.4 1.2 ± 0.4

Example 9. Quantitation of Boron in BSH-Dextran by Inductively CoupledPlasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Mol Boron Per Mol BSH-Dextran)

The boron load of BSH-dextran was estimated from proton-NMR spectrum ofBSH-dextran (FIG. 1) and ICP-MS was used to quantitate the amount ofboron in the samples. The BSH-Dextran sample analyzed in this examplewas estimated to contain about 1200 borons based on NMR analysis.Approximately 2.1 μg (0.0228 nmol) of BSH-Dextran (average MW 92 kDa)was liquefied with microwave-assisted wet asking and analyzed by ICP-MSessentially as described in Laakso et al., 2001, Clinical Chemistry 47,1796-1803. Different dilutions of the sample were analyzed by ICP-MS andthe background boron was subtracted from the samples. The resultsrepresenting an average of 7 determinations indicate that the samplecontains approximately 0.341 μg (31.5 nmol) of boron atoms, or one moleof the BSH-Dextran contain 1381 moles of boron atoms.

Example 10. In Vivo Experiments and Boron Quantitation

Female adult mice of the same age (Charles River Crl:Athymic nudeFoxn1nu) were used. 2.3 million HSC-2 or 5 million FaDu cells in 150 μlin EME-media and 50% Matrigel were inoculated to the right flank of nudemice. The dosing was given when the tumor was grown to at least 6 mmdiameter in size (6-mm) corresponding roughly to tumor volume of 100-500mm³. Anti-EGFR-Fab-BSH(1200)-dex or anti-EGFR-F(ab′)2-BSH(1200)-dex(both non-labeled) conjugates were injected i.v. via tail vein in 100 μlPBS. Injected dose was 50 μg or 250 μg per mouse and three mice persample were used. Mice were sacrificed at 24 h and 48 h and organs werecollected for boron determination.

Tissue samples (including blood) were digested in closed teflon vesselsin a microwave oven (Milestone, ETHOS 1200). The digestion temperaturewas 200 C and duration of the digestion was 50 min. Acid used in thedigestions was HNO₃ (6.0 ml, E. Merck, Suprapur). After cooling theresultant solution was diluted to 25 ml with Milli-Q water. The digestedsamples were diluted further (1:10 or 1:50) with 1% HNO₃ for ICP-MSanalysis. The internal standard beryllium was added to the sample togain the final concentration, 10 ppb of Be, in the samples. Standardsolutions with concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and μg/L for analyses werediluted from Spectrascan's single element standard solution (1000 ug/mlboron as H₃BO₃ in H₂O). Control sample for analysis was prepared frommultielemental standard solution by SPEX (CLMS-4). Analyses wereperformed with the high resolution sector field inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometer (HR-ICP-MS, Element2, Thermo Scientific). Theconcentration of boron in diluted samples was defined from the peaks of10B and 11B with both low resolution (R≈300) and medium resolution(R≈4000) mode. Between the samples the samples introduction system waswashed first with 5% HNO₃ and then with 1% HNO₃ to exclude the memoryeffect typical for boron.

Initial boron analysis of two HSC-2 tumor mice at 24 h indicated thatboron tumor per muscle ratios were 5.3 and 6.3.

The muscle was used as a control tissue instead of blood because initialboron measurements from blood were inconclusive or beyond detectionlimit.

Example 11. In Vivo Experiments with ¹⁴C Labelled Anti-EGFR1 FabBSH-Dextran Preparation of Anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-Dextran

BSH-dextran was prepared as described in Examples 1 and 2, respectively.According to NMR analysis the BSH-dextran contained approximately 650borons. The oxidation was made as described in Example 3 but in twobatches; one with 50 mg and the other with 100 mg BSH-dextran.

Anti-EGFR1 Fab fragments were prepared by papain digestion as describedin Example 5. Conjugation reactions were carried out as in Example 4 butin four batches: 1) 29 mg oxidized BSH-dextran and 10.4 mg anti-EGFR1Fab, 2) 16.5 mg oxidized BSH-dextran and 5.9 mg anti-EGFR1 Fab, 3) 50 mgoxidized BSH-dextran and 19.8 mg anti-EGFR1 Fab, 4) 50 mg oxidizedBSH-dextran and 19.7 mg anti-EGFR1 Fab yielding together 55.8 mg ofanti-EGFR1 Fab. All were analyzed in SDS-PAGE as in Example 6 andsamples of each were labeled with Alexa Fluor 488-NHS. Internalizationassay with Alexa Fluor 488 labeled molecules was performed with HSC-2cells as described in Example 7.

Unlabeled Fab-BSH-dextran batches were combined to yield 39 mg ofAnti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-dextran. The sample buffer was changed to 5%Mannitol-0.1% Tween80 in PBS prior to combining unlabeled and ¹⁴Clabelled anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-dextran and subsequent sterile filtration.

Preparation of ¹⁴C Labelled Anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-Dextran

3 mg Fab-BSH-dextran (before ethanolamine capping) was ¹⁴C labelled byincubation with 66 μCi ¹⁴C-ethanolamine (American Radiolabeled ChemicalsInc.) in PBS containing NaCNBH₃ (as in Example 4) o/n after which thecapping was finished with non-radioactive ethanolamine for 2 hours, andthe low molecular weight reagents were removed as described in Example4. This reaction resulted in ¹⁴C labelled anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-dextrancontaining 9.21 μCi radioactivity.

For the animal study ¹⁴C labeled anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH dextran was mixedwith unlabeled “cold” anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH dextran in portions shown inTable 10.

TABLE 10 Preparation of test materials. Amount of ¹⁴C Amount of “cold”labelled anti-EGFR1 anti-EGFR1 Fab Fab BSH-dextran (μg BSH-dextran (μgof Group of Fab) Fab) I 250 750 II 250 1750 III 250 3750 IV 250 5750 V250 7750 X 250 750 VIII 250 + 250 1500 IX 250 + 250 1500In Vivo Experiment with ¹⁴C Labelled Anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-Dextran

Xenograft mice were generated as described in Example 8 except thatHSC-2 cells were inoculated in right flank and the dosing was given thetumor had grown to at least 8 mm diameter in size (8-12 mm)corresponding roughly to tumor volume of 200-800 mm³. Radiolabeled (¹⁴C)anti-EGFR1-Fab boron conjugates were injected either i.v. via tail veinor by intratumoral injection (Group X) in 100 μl PBS containing 5%mannitol and 0.1% polysorbate (study groups are listed in Table 10).Three mice per sample were used. Each mouse were administered about400000 cpm of the conjugate (see above the preparation of the anti-EGFR1Fab BSH dextran conjugates for the animal study; Table 10). Mice weresacrificed at 24 h or 48 h (Group IX) and organs were collected andcounted for radioactivity for determination of tissue biodistribution ofthe conjugates. Blood samples were also collected at 30 min, 2 h, and 8h after administration of boron conjugates.

Tissues were prepared for ¹⁴C quantitation as described in Example 8.Blood samples in clearance tests were prepared as in Example 8 with theexception that 200 μl of Solvable and 90 μl of H₂O₂ were used. Theresults are an average of three mice.

Table 11 shows tumor to blood ratios for the mice administered with ¹⁴Clabelled anti-EGFR1 Fab dextran conjugate.

TABLE 11 Tumor/blood ratio of ¹⁴C boron conjugate in HSC-2 tumor mice.The value for G IX is tumor/brain ratio as radioactivity in blood wasdetermined to be 0% (all blood samples were negative after deduction ofbackground levels). Group I: 250 μg; Group II: 500 μg; Group III 1000μg; Group IV: 1500 μg; Group V: 2000 μg; Group X: 250 μg; Group VIII:250 μg + 250 μg after 2 h; and Group IX: 250 μg + 250 μg after 24 h. AllGroups i.v. except Group X intratumoral administration. Organs collectedat 24 h except Group IX at 48 h. Tumor/blood ratio of Group VIII fromone mouse (due to presence of one blood cpm value in the group). G I GII G III G IV G V G X G VIII G IX 11.2 12.8 9.7 23.8 28.8 4394.3 9.3 6.2

TABLE 12 Blood clearance of ¹⁴C boron conjugates in the three groups.Left column shows time after administration (min/h) and values are % oftotal injected dose/g blood. G I G III G V 30 min 6.546 ± 0.991% 9.809 ±0.876% 7.486 ± 0.235%  2 h 1.461 ± 0.256% 2.802 ± 0.416% 1.854 ± 0.608% 8 h 0.489 ± 0.034%  0.74 ± 0.055%  1.76 ± 1.109% 24 h 0.089 ± 0.016%0.122 ± 0.014% 0.086 ± 0.051%

Example 12. In Vivo Experiments with Anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-Dextran byDirect Boron Quantitation Preparation of Anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-Dextran

Anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-dextran was prepared as described in Examples 1 and2, respectively. The oxidation was made as described in Example 3 but intwo batches; one with 80 mg, the other with 96 mg BSH-dextran. Accordingto NMR analyses the BSH-dextran samples contained approximately 880 and500 borons, respectively.

Anti-EGFR1 Fab fragments were prepared by papain digestion as describedin Example 5. Conjugation reactions were carried out as in Example 4 butin four batches: two with 15.7 mg Anti-EGFR1 Fab and 40 mgox-BSH-dextran, other two with 18.8 mg Anti-EGFR1 Fab and 48 mgox-BSH-dextran.

All boron conjugates were analyzed in SDS-PAGE as in Example 6 and werelabeled with Alexa Fluor® 488-NHS. Internalization assay with HSC-2cells was performed with the Alexa Fluor labelled molecules as describedin Example 7.

The sample buffer was changed to 5% Mannitol-0.1% Tween80 in PBS priorto mouse trial sample preparation and sterile filtration.

In Vivo Experiment with Anti-EGFR Fab BSH-Dextran

Xenograft mice were generated as in Example 11. Anti-EGFR FabBSH-dextran was administered in 100 μl of mannitol/Tween/PBS solutioni.v. or in 40 μl of mannitol/Tween/PBS solution intratumorally (i.t.).In i.t. administration the needle was passed into the tumor through asingle injection site and moved in a fanning technique to distribute thetest substance throughout the tumor. Depending on tumor size and shape,a total of three or four passes was used.

Organs were collected at 24 h and blood samples were collected at 30min, 2 h, and 8 h (study groups II and V).

Quantitation of Boron

Tissues were prepared for direct boron quantitation by ICP-MS asdescribed above. Three control samples containing −150 mg NIST referencestandard 1573 tomato leaves were also digested. The digested sampleswere diluted to 1:10 or 1:100.

Table 13 illustrates boron in selected organs and Table 14 shows tumorto blood ratios. Intratumoral administration shows considerably highertumor boron concentration compared to i.v. administration.

TABLE 13 Biodistribution of anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-dextran conjugates inHSC-2 tumor mice by boron quantitation. The results represent an averageof four determinations +/− SEM. Study groups were: Group I: buffer only(mannitol/Tween/PBS) i.v.; Group II: 2 mg i.v.; Group III: 2 mg +dextran i.v.; Group IV: 250 μg i.t.; Group V: 2 mg i.t. Values are μgboron in g of organ. Students t-test was performed (using Statistica 12software [StatSoft]) for tumor boron values of Groups II vs III and forGroups IV vs V. Groups IV and V showed significant difference betweenboron quantities (p-value = 0.009). Group II Group III Group IV Group VGroup I Blood 0.56 ± 0.18 0.87 ± 0.14  0.1 ± 0.05 0.22 ± 0.01 0.32 ±0.21 Liver 18.3 ± 1.25 17.54 ± 1.15  1.02 ± 0.33 6.97 ± 0.86 0.27 ± 0.09Kidney 6.57 ± 0.57 6.44 ± 0.41 0.87 ± 0.27 3.78 ± 0.24 0.76 ± 0.31Muscle 1.87 ± 0.34 1.51 ± 0.9  0.56 ± 0.25  0.7 ± 0.31 0.87 ± 0.51 Skin2.11 ± 0.16 1.46 ± 0.14 0.43 ± 0.13 1.27 ± 0.85 0.17 ± 0.09 Tumor 2.19 ±1.01 9.54 ± 8.59 9.22 ± 2.3  53.09 ± 11.45 0.62 ± 0.53 Spleen 4.95 ±0.9  5.91 ± 0.88 2.01 ± 0.5  1.88 ± 0.59 1.34 ± 0.53

TABLE 14 Tumor to blood ratios +/− SEM. Group II Group III Group IVGroup V Group I 10.8 ± 7.1 13.6 ± 12.5 131.3 ± 40.7 240.8 ± 49.4 4.6 ±3.6

Example 13. Production of Anti-EGFR1 Fab in E. coli Optimization of theSignal Peptide for Periplasmic Secretion of Anti-EGFR1 Fab

Expression strategy for anti-EGFR1 Fab was targeting to periplasm, wherestable disulfide bridges can be formed.

Commercial vector set pDD441-SSKT (T5 promoter, kanamycin selection) wasused for optimization of the signal peptide. Following signal peptideswere used: i) MalE (maltose binding protein), ii) pelB (pectate lyase),iii) ompA (outer membrane protein A), iv) phoA (bacterial alkalinephosphatase) and v) gIII (PRV envelope glycoprotein). VectorspGF115-pGF119 were constructed by using synthetic DNA sequences, PCRamplification with high fidelity polymerase and seamless Gibson assemblyas routine tools. In addition, vector pGF150 with signal peptide stII(heat stabile enterotoxin II) for both heavy- and light chain wasconstructed according to Carter et al 1992: High level E. coliexpression and production of bivalent humanized antibody fragment,Biotechnology (N Y), 10(2) 163-7. Vector pGF150 was dicistronic and hadT7 promoter for expression. Expression cassette for anti-EGFR1 Fab wasdicistronic with internal ribosome binding site between the heavy andlight chain. General expression vector setup for signal peptideoptimization is exemplified in FIG. 5. Signal peptide combinations invectors pGF115-pGF119 are listed in Table 15.

TABLE 15 Signal peptide combinations in vectors pGF115-pGF119. VectorHeavy chain signal peptide Light chain signal peptide pGF115 >gIII >ompAMKKLLFAIPLVVPFYSHS (SEQ ID NO: 16) MKKTAIAIAVALAGFATVAQA (SEQ ID NO: 17)pGF116 >malE >ompA MKIKTGARILALSALTTMMFSASALA (SEQ ID NO: 18)MKKTAIAIAVALAGFATVAQA (SEQ ID NO: 17) pGF117 >phoA >ompAMKQSTIALALLPLLFTPVTKA (SEQ ID NO: 19) MKKTAIAIAVALAGFATVAQA(SEQ ID NO: 17) pGF118 >pelB >ompAMKYLLPTAAAGLLLLAAQPAMA (SEQ ID NO: 20) MKKTAIAIAVALAGFATVAQA(SEQ ID NO: 17) pGF119 >ompA >pelB MKKTAIAIAVALAGFATVAQA (SEQ ID NO: 17)MKYLLPTAAAGLLLLAAQPAMA (SEQ ID NO: 20) pGF150 >stII >stII  MKKNIAFLLASMFVFSIATNAYA (SEQ ID NO: 21) MKKNIAFLLASMFVFSIATNAYA(SEQ ID NO: 21)

Vectors pGF115-pGF119 were transformed to electrocompetent E. coli W3110(ATCC microbiology collection) cells with Biorad GenePulser, pulsed withprogram Ec2 according to manufacturer's instructions. Transformationswere plated to LB+agar+kanamycin 25 mg/L and cultivated o/n at +37° C.

Single colonies were subjected to expression screening according tostandard protocol. On day 1, o/n precultures were inoculated to 5 ml ofliquid LB supplemented with kanamycin with final concentration 20 mg/L,cultivated with shaking 220 rpm, +37°. On day 2, 200 μL of o/npreculture was re-inoculated to 10 mL of liquid LB+kanamycin 10 mg/L.Culture was continued with shaking 220 rpm, +37°, until OD₆₀₀ reachedthe level 0.6-0.9. Fab production was induced with IPTG, finalconcentration 500 μM. Culture was continued with shaking 220 rpm, +20°C., o/n. 1 mL samples were collected from post-induction time points 4 hand o/n. Cells were harvested by centrifugation 8000×G 10 min,supernatant was discarded, pellet was resuspended to 100 μl of 10×TE pH7.5 (100 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM EDTA). Samples were vortexed vigorously 1 hat r/t, pelleted 16 000×G 10 min and sup was collected to freshEppendorf tube as a periplasmic extract.

Periplasmic extracts were further analyzed with Western blot. 100 μl ofextract was mixed with 20 μl of either reducing- or non-reducing loadingbuffer. 20 μl of mix was loaded into 4-20% Precise Tris-Glycine SDS-Pagegel (Thermo Scientific). Gel was run in 1× Laemmli running buffer 200V˜45 min and blotted to nitrocellulose membrane in Tris-Glycine blottingbuffer, 350 mA˜45 min. BioRad Mini-protean system was used for SDS-Pageand blotting. Blotted membrane was blocked with 1% BSA in PBS. Detectionwas made with anti-human IgG (Fab specific) with peroxidase conjugate(Sigma Aldrich; cat no A0293) and Luminata Forte Western HRP substrate(Millipore; cat no WBLUF0500). Chemiluminescense reaction was detectedwith Fujifilm Luminescent Image Analyzer LAS4000.

According to Western blot analyses from several expression cultures,vectors pGF119 and pGF115 seemed to be better than the others. Theamount of Fab produced to the periplasm remained, however, at the levelof 0.3-0.8 mg/L in these initial experiments. Combination used in vectorpGF119 (ompA signal peptide for HC and pelB signal peptide for LC) wasselected for continuation.

Vector pGF150 with T7 promoter and signal sequence stII for periplasmictargeting of both heavy chain and light chain of the anti-EGFR1 Fab wastransformed to strain BL21(De3). In comparison to others, it looked atleast as good as pelB for light chain and ompA for heavy chain, as usedin vector pGF119.

Optimization of the Promoter for Fab Expression

Three different promoters were used in preliminary screenings;IPTG-inducible T5, IPTG-inducible T7 and rhamnose inducible Rham.Promoter sequences originated from commercial vectors pET-15b, pD441 andpD881. Signal peptides ompA for HC and pelB for LC were used. Expressioncassettes were constructed in dicistronic manner, internal ribosomebinding site taaGGATCCGAATTCAAGGAGATAAAAAatg (SEQ ID NO: 22) between theheavy and the light chain in each vector. Vector codes and promoters arepresented in Table 16.

TABLE 16 Optimization of the promoter system for Fab expression; vectorcodes and promoters used. Vector promoter pGF119 T5 pGF121 T7 pGF132Rham

pGF119 and pGF132 were electroporated to E. coli strain W3110 asdescribed above. T7 promoter vector pGF121 was transformed to chemicallycompetent E. coli BL21(De3) cells (New England Biolabs) according toheat shock protocol provided by the supplier. Expression cultures,sample preparation and analysis of periplasmic extracts were made asdescribed in above. First comparison was made between the strains W3110pGF119 and BL21(De3) pGF121. Periplasmic extracts were made in parallelwith 10×TE buffer and with 0.05% deoxycholate buffer.

As exemplified in FIG. 6, T7 promoter was slightly better than T5promoter, although difference was not very notable. Repeated experimentswith strains W3110 pGF119 and BL21(De3) pGF121 revealed anyhow thatexpression cultures with BL21(De3) pGF121 were more stable andrepeatable than with W3110 pGF119. Faster growth rates and higher celldensities were achieved with BL21(De3) pGF121 than with W3110 pGF119(data not shown).

The second step in promoter screening was to analyze the preliminaryexpression levels from small scale cultures with W3110 pGF132 (rhamnoseinducible promoter). One the advantages of rhamnose induced promoter isthat the expression level can be fine-tuned by varying the rhamnoseconcentration. With some proteins of interest, the lower expressionlevel has actually led to higher overall titers because of correctfolding and assembly of target protein and higher cell density ofproduction strain. Thereof the induction was made with increasingconcentrations of rhamnose in parallel 10 ml liquid LB cultures (0, 0.25mM, 1 mM, 4 mM and 8 mM). Three different post-induction temperatureswere used; +20° C., +28° C. and +37° C. 1 ml samples were harvested atthe time point of 4 h post-induction. Sampling, periplasmic extractionand analysis were made as described in example 1.

As shown in FIG. 7, expression level with rhamnose inducible promoterremained below the level achieved with BL21(De3) pGF121 (T7 promoter).Promoter regulation with increasing concentrations of rhamnose was mostfunctional at +20° C. Anyhow, highest titers with the rhamnose systemwere achieved at +28° C.

Based on the repeated experiments described above, BL21(De3) and T7promoter system were selected as a basic platform for production ofanti-EGFR1 Fab in E. coli.

Codon Optimization of Anti-EGFR1 Fab for Expression in E. coli Cells

Three HC/LC sequences with different codon optimization pattern for E.coli and one HC/LC sequence originally optimized for CHO cells weretested. Vectors were constructed as described for pGF119, dicistronicmanner and T5 promoter driving the expression. Expression host was E.coli W3110. Small scale cultures, sampling and analysis of theperiplasmic extracts were made as described above. Sequence in vectorpGF119 was selected as a baseline level. Codon optimization pattern hada drastic effect on expression level (Table 17). E. coli version 2(pGF128) and CHO cell optimized (pGF126) sequences did not work in W3110host strain, only traces of Fab was detected from the expressioncultures by Western blot. Expression level achieved with E. coli version3 (pGF129) was significantly better, but still similar to baselinelevels. Because most of the vectors were already made with E. coliversion 1 (pGF119) and because no improvements in comparison thebaseline were made by changing the codon optimization pattern, the E.coli version 1 sequences from vector pGF119 were selected for use (SEQID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO: 11).

TABLE 17 Testing the anti-EGFR1 Fab coding sequences with differentcodon optimization pattern. Vector coding and results. Codonoptimization Vector pattern Expression level pGF119 E. coli, version 1baseline pGF128 E. coli, version 2 low or no expression pGF129 E. coli,version 3 similar to baseline pGF126 CHO cell low or no expression

Comparing the Discistronic to Dual Promoter Vector Setup

In dicistronic vector setup, the spacer sequence between the heavy andthe light chain, including the ribosome binding site, is relativelyshort, only 25 nucleotides in pGF119. To expand this space between theheavy and the light chain, the vectors pGF120 and pGF131 wereconstructed, in which both of the chains were expressed under thecontrol of separate T5 or T7 promoters, respectively. Vectors wereconstructed by utilizing the existing sequences on dicistronic vectorpGF121. Once completed, pGF120 was electroporated to strain W3110 andpGF131 transformed to chemically competent BL21(De3) and Lemo21(De3) E.coli cells. Small scale expression tests were made as above andcomparison was made between dicistronic and dual promoter vectors(pGF119 vs. pGF120; pGF121 vs. pGF131).

As demonstrated in FIG. 8, dual T5 promoter was clearly more efficientfor anti-EGFR1 Fab production than the dicistronic setup. With T7promoter, the difference was not as clear, but it was noticed that therewas a larger amount of non-assembled Fab chain presented with dualpromoter system than with dicistronic setup. The next optimization stepplanned was to apply chaperon helper plasmids to the expression strainto promote the correct folding and assembly. Dual promoter setup with T7promoter (vector pGF131) was selected for continuation.

Construction of Chaperon Helper Plasmids

To enhance Fab expression, periplasmic and cytoplasmic chaperones forcoexpression with vector pGF131 were selected. As a backbone vector forchaperon helper plasmids, pCDF-1b (Novagen) was selected. pCDF-1b has T7promoter, lac operator, replication of origin derived from CloDF13 andstreptomycin/spectinomycin antibiotic resistance. It is compatible forcoexpression with pET vectors, and thereof suitable to be expressedtogether with pGF133 having pET-15b backbone.

Chaperone sequences were PCR amplified from E. coli genomic DNA with PCRand high-fidelity phusion polymerase (Thermo Scientific). Amplifiedfragments were cloned to pCDF-1b backbone utilizing traditionaldigestion/ligation cloning and seamless Gibson assembly. Setup of thechaperon helper plasmids is described with more details in tables 18-20.5-7.

TABLE 18 Cloning strategy of chaperon helper plasmids pGF134, pGF135,pGF137, pGF138. vector description primers vector insert cloning pGF134E. coli GP1113 pCDF-1b PCR Restriction periplasmic GP1114 cut withproduct and chaperone NcoI/NotI cut with ligation SKP NcoI/NotI pGF135E. coli GP1115 pGF134 PCR Restriction periplasmic GP1116 cut withproduct and chaperones XhoI/NotI cut with ligation SKP and FkpAXhoI/NotI pGF137 E. coli GP1119 pCDF-1b Uncut PCR Gibson cytoplasmicGP1120 cut with product assembly chaperones NcoI/NotI DnaK/DnaJ pGF138E. coli GP1147 pGF137 Uncut PCR Gibson cytoplasmic GP1148 cut withproduct assembly chaperones XhoI DnaK/DnaJ GrpE

TABLE 19 Primer sequences used for construction ofchaperone helper plasmids. GP1113CGGGATCCAAGAAGGAGATATACCATGGCAAAAAAGTGGTT ATTAGCTGC (SEQ ID NO: 23)GP1114 ATAATGCGGCCGCATTATTTAACCTGTTTCAGTAC (SEQ ID NO: 24) GP1115ATAATGCGGCCGCAAGAAAGGAGATATACCATGGCAAAATC ACTGTTTAAAGTAACG(SEQ ID NO: 25) GP1116 ATAATCTCGAGATTATTTTTTAGCAGAATCTGC (SEQ ID NO: 26)GP1147 TGACCCGCTAATGCGGCCGCACTGAGTGCTTCCCTTGAAAC CCTGAAACTGATC(SEQ ID NO: 27) GP1148 GGTTTCTTTACCAGACTCAAACGGCCCGGCATTCGCATGCAGGGCCGTGAATTATTACG (SEQ ID NO: 28)

TABLE 20 Chaperones used. chaperon uniprot accession number SKP B7MBF9FkpA H9UXM6 DnaK B7M9S6 DnaJ C6EB39 GrpE C8U980Anti-EGFR1 Fab Coexpression with Helper Plasmids

Vector pGF131 was transformed to chemically competent BL21(De3) andLemo21(De3) cells according to manufacturers instructions. Few cloneswere picked and expression of anti-EGFR1 Fab was verified by preliminaryexpression cultures, as described above. The best clones were selectedas a background for the coexpression with chaperone helper plasmids.

Electrocompetent BL21(De3) pGF131 and Lemo21(De3) pGF131 cells wereconstructed as follows. 5 ml preculture was grown o/n in liquid LBsupplemented with kanamycin 20 mg/L. On day 2, 1 ml of preculture wasre-inoculated to 50 ml of liquid LB with kanamycin 20 mg/L. Culture wascontinued at +37° C. 220 rpm ˜3 h, until the OD₆₀₀ reached the level0.5. Cells were harvested by centrifugation, 10 min 8000×g andresuspended to 10 ml of 10% ice-cold glycerol. Harvesting bycentrifugation was repeated, followed by resuspension to 5 ml of 10%ice-cold glycerol. Cells were aliquoted to 10×500 ul aliquotes andstored at −80° C.

Chaperon helper plasmids pGF134 and pGF135 were electroporated toBL21(De3) and Lemo21(De3) strains with BioRad Gene Pulser, program Ec2.Mixture was plated to LB+km+stre after short preculture in +37° C. andplates were cultivated in +37° C. o/n. Preliminary expression cultureswere made as above.

As exemplified in FIG. 9, SKP chaperon has clearly beneficial effect onproduction, but difference to background strain harboring only theexpression plasmid pGF131 was not remarkable. Anyhow, the clones withchaperon helper plasmid tended to grow faster and achieve higher celldensities. Cultures with chaperon helper plasmid pGF134 were also morerepeatable and stable. There were no differences between the periplasmicchaperon helper plasmids pGF4134 (SKP chaperon) and pGF135 (SKP and FkpAchaperons). The expression of cytoplasmic chaperons DnaK/J GrpE fromhelper plasmid pGF138 did not improve further the expression level.Thereof strains Lemo21(De3) pGF131 pGF134 and BL21(De3) pGF131 pGF134were selected for continuation and for the fermentation processdevelopment.

Anti-EGFR Single Chain

Expression vector pGF155 for anti-EGFR1 ScFv with signal sequence ompA(SEQ ID NO: 13) was constructed and PCR amplified with high fidelitypolymerase and Gibson assembly to pET-15b backbone. In the construct,the polynucleotides encoding the light chain variable region and theheavy chain variable region were separated by the G4S linker/spacersequence (SEQ ID NO: 29) encoding the 15-mer linker sequence set forthin SEQ ID NO: 30.

Vector pGF155 is transformed to background strain BL21(De3) either aloneor in combination with chaperon helper plasmids, and expression levelsare evaluated based on 10 mL preliminary cultures.

Anti-EGFR1 Fab Production in Fermentor Cultivated E. coli Strain(BL21[DE3]pGF131pGF134); Culture Supplemented with Yeast Extract.

Inoculation

Several (5-8 colonies) E. coli colonies (BL21[DE3]pGF131pGF134) wereinoculated from LB agar plate in 5 ml of liquid LB medium supplementedwith kanamycin (25 mg/L) and streptomycin (30 mg/L). The inoculum (1stinoculum) was incubated at +37° C., 220 rpm, for 5 hours. 1 ml of 1stinoculum was used to inoculate 100 ml of Inoculum culture medium (below)supplemented with kanamycin (25 mg/L) and streptomycin (30 mg/L) in 500ml shake flask (2nd inoculum). 2nd inoculum was incubated at +37° C.,220 rpm, <16 hours. 10 ml of 2nd inoculum was transferred in 100 ml ofInoculum culture medium (below) supplemented with kanamycin (25 mg/L)and streptomycin (30 mg/L) in 500 ml shake flask (3rd inoculum). 3rdinoculum was incubated at +37° C., 220 rpm, until OD₆₀₀-2.0 was reachedand this inoculum was used to inoculate 900 ml of Fermentor Batchculture medium (below) supplemented with kanamycin (25 mg/L) andstreptomycin (30 mg/L) in the fermentor culture vessel (2 l) resultingin 1000 ml final volume and OD₆₀₀ value 0.2.

TABLE 21 Inoculum Culture Medium components (Trace Metal Elements [TME]from FeCl₃ × 6 H₂O to MgSO₄ × 7 H₂O). Reagent Mw (g/mol) mg/l c (mmol/l)Na₂HPO₄ × 2 H₂O 177.99 8600 48.317 K₂HPO₄ 174.2 3000 17.222 NH₄Cl 53.491000 18.695 NaCl 58.44 500 8.556 FeCl₃ × 6 H₂O 270.33 66 0.245 H₃BO₃61.83 3 0.049 MnCl₂ × 2 H₂O 161.87 12 0.076 EDTA × 2 H₂O 372.24 8.40.023 CuCl₂ × 2 H₂O 170.48 1.5 0.009 Na₂MoO₄ × 2 H₂O 429.89 2.5 0.006CoCl₂ × 6 H₂O 237.93 2.5 0.011 ZnSO₄ × 7 H₂O 287.54 10 0.036 Glucose180.16 10000 55.506 MgSO₄ × 7 H₂O 246.47 600 2.434

TABLE 22 Fermentor Batch Culture Medium (Trace Metal Elements [TME] fromFeCl₃ × 6 H₂O to MgSO₄ × 7 H₂O). Reagent Mw (g/mol) mg/l c (mmol/l)K₂HPO₄ 174.2 16600 95.293 (NH₄)₂HPO₄ 132.07 4000 30.287 Citric acid × 1H₂O 210.14 2297 10.931 FeCl₃ × 6 H₂O 270.33 83 0.306 H₃BO₃ 61.83 3.80.061 MnCl₂ × 2 H₂O 161.87 15 0.095 EDTA × 2H₂O 372.24 10.5 0.028 CuCl₂× 2 H₂O 170.48 1.9 0.011 Na₂MoO₄ × 2 H₂O 429.89 3.1 0.007 CoCl₂ × 6 H₂O237.93 3.1 0.013 ZnSO₄ × 7 H₂O 287.54 13 0.046 Glucose 180.16 25000138.766 MgSO₄ × 7 H₂O 246.47 1500 6.086

Fermentation Batch Phase

After inoculating the fermentor culture vessel, the following parameterswere set using Biostat®B Plus Digital Control Unit:

-   -   temperature+37° C.    -   pH 6.8 (12.5% NH3, 15% H3PO4)    -   pO2 (cascade mode)>25%        -   Stirring rate 15%-75% (=300 rpm-1500 rpm)        -   Gas flow (air) 13%-50% (=0.4 L-1.5 L)

At time point ˜8.5 h of fermentation batch phase, DOT (Dissolved OxygenTension) value peaked sharply resulting in decreased stirring speed andgas flow. This indicated exhaustion of glucose present in batch culturemedium (25 g/l) and the end of fermentation batch phase. OD₆₀₀ value 31was reached during fermentation batch phase.

Fermentation Fed-Batch Phase

FS (Feed Solution) 1.1 (67% Glc, 2% MgSO₄) was pumped into the fermentorculture vessel for 6 h 20 min, 0.24 mL/min. During this FS 1.1 fed-batchphase OD600 value 70 was reached.

FS 1.2 (50% Glc, 1,5% MgSO₄, 7.4 g/100 mL Yeast Extract, 15-fold TME[Trace Metal Elements] concentration compared to Fermentor Batch culturemedium, 0.32 g/L Thiamine) was pumped into the fermentor culture vesselfor 7 h, 0.24 mL/min. OD₆₀₀ value 134 was reached. At this point thepumping speed was reduced to 0.13 mL/min for 11 h 40 min. OD₆₀₀ valuedid not increase from 134. Also another fermentor run was performedwithout supplemented yeast extract and this fermentor run resulted about20 mg/L of anti-EGFR1 Fab as estimated with Western blotting analysis asbelow.

During the fed-batch phase glucose concentration in the culturesuspension was followed using Keto-diabur-test 5000 sticks (Roche, Cat#: 10647705187) according to manufacturer's instructions.

Induction of Protein Synthesis

Prior to IPTG induction of protein synthesis, cultivation temperaturewas decreased from +37° C. to +20° C. IPTG induction of proteinsynthesis (final IPTG concentration 1 mM) was carried out at OD600 value86. Induction on protein synthesis was carried out for 16 hours.

Collecting the Samples During the Fermentation Round

Samples for Western blot analysis (2×1 mL pellet sample and 2×1 mLsupernatant sample) were collected at different time points.Pre-induction samples were taken just before IPTG induction of proteinsynthesis. Another set of samples was collected at 4 hours' inductiontime point. The last set of samples was collected at 16 hours' inductiontime point prior to culture harvest. Cells were pelleted in the samples(+4° C., 5000×g, 15 min) and supernatants were transferred in new tubes.Samples were stored at −20° C. until analyzed using Western Blot method.

Cell Harvest

The fermentation culture suspension was collected in SLA 3000 centrifugetubes (Sorvall RC6) using Watson Marlow 504U 056.3762.00 pump, and thecentrifuge tubes were balanced. Cells were pelleted (+4° C., 5000×g, 60min) and the supernatant was discarded. Cell pellets were stored at −20°C.

Western Blot Analysis of Periplasmically Expressed Anti-EGFR1 Fab

Pellet samples representing 1 mL of fermentation culture suspension wereresuspended in 1 mL of 10×TE pH 7.5 (100 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM EDTA).Samples were vortexed vigorously for 2 h at r/t, pelleted at +4° C., 12000×g, 60 min and supernatants were collected as periplasmic extracts.

Periplasmic extracts were further analyzed with Western blotting. 100 μLof extract was mixed with 25 μL of non-reducing loading buffer. 12.5 μLof mix was loaded into 4-20% Precise Tris-Glycine SDS-Page gel (ThermoScientific). Gel was run in 1× Laemmli running buffer 200 V˜45 min andblotted to nitrocellulose membrane in Tris-Glycine blotting buffer, 350mA˜1.5 hours. BioRad Mini-protean system was used for SDS-Page andblotting. Blotted membrane was blocked with 1% BSA in PBS. Detection wasmade with anti-human IgG (Fab specific) with peroxidase conjugate (SigmaAldrich; cat no A0293) and Luminata Forte Western HRP substrate(Millipore; cat no WBLUF0500). Chemiluminescense reaction was detectedwith Fujifilm Luminescent Image Analyzer LAS4000.

10 μL of each culture supernatant sample was mixed with 2.5 μL ofnon-reducing loading buffer and these samples were run in SDS-PAGE geland blotted on nitrocellulose membrane as described above forperiplasmic extract samples. The results are shown in FIG. 10.

Fab Purification

The buffer of filtered periplasmic extract was exchanged to 50 mM MES pH6 using Amicon Ultra 10K centrifugal filter prior to first purificationstep by 5 ml cation exchange column (HiTrap SP FF, GE Healthcare).Mobile phase A was 50 mM MES pH 6 and mobile phase B was 50 mM MES pH6+500 mM NaCl. The sample was filtered through 1.2 μm membrane prior therun. First, 10% sample was injected to the column at a flow-rate of 2.5ml/min for 5 mins, after which flow-rate was changed to 5 ml/min. Thecolumn was run with 57.5 ml of phase A, and then a linear gradient from0% B to 100% B over 35 ml was applied. 2.5 mL fractions were collectedand fractions A5-A9 were pooled. The rest of the sample was run in twoseparate runs as described above and fractions A5-A10 were pooled (FIG.11). Papain digested anti-EGFR1 Fab was used as a control.

The pooled fractions (A5-A10) were injected on Protein L column (1 ml)without changing the buffer. Protein L was run at flow-rate of 0.2ml/min during sample injection and 1 mL/min during wash and elution.Mobile phase A was PBS and B 0.1 M Na-citrate pH 3. The sample waseluted with 100% B. The protein eluted with a sharp peak (FIG. 12) andfractions A5-A7 were pooled and neutralized with 2 M Tris-HCl pH 9.After the two purification steps the yield of the Fab was estimated tobe about 44 mg/L. Another batch was subjected for Protein L purificationonly and this yielded about 72 mg/L of the Fab fraction. Papain digestedanti-EGFR1 Fab was used as a control.

The pooled fractions were analyzed in SDS-PAGE. 24 μL of each of thesethree pooled samples from chromatographic runs with Protein L columnwere mixed with 6 μL reducing loading buffer and run in SDS-PAGE gel.The gel was stained with a Coomassie based stain (FIG. 13).

Example 14. Binding of Anti-EGFR1 Fab and Anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-Dextran toEGFR1

Protein A purified CHO cell produced anti-EGFR1 was papain digested,purified with NAb Protein A Plus Spin columns and treated withrecombinant Endo F2 (Elizabethkingia meningosepticum (produced in E.coli, Calbiochem) which cleaves biantennary oligosaccharides and highmannoses leaving one GlcNAc unit to asparagine so that non-glycosylatedFab fragments were obtained. 100 mU of the enzyme was added to approx. 1mg of anti-EGFR1 Fab and incubated o/n at +37° C. in 50 mM NaAc pH 4.5.

100 μg of anti-EGFR1 Fab and 100 μg of anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-dextran wereCy3-labeled using Amersham Cy3 mono-reactive according to manufacturerinstructions and 0.5 mg/ml solutions were prepared in citrate/phosphatebuffer pH 7 to be used for microarray printing.

Array of six different molecules (HER2, human EGFR1, CD64, CD16a, HSAand anti-Dextran IgG) was printed on amine reactive N-hydroxysuccinimide(NHS)-activated microarray slides (four parallel spots for eachmolecule). Cy3-labeled anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-dextran conjugate andanti-EGFR1 Fab were incubated on separate wells of the slide in eightconcentrations ranging from 0.4 nM to −900 nM. Non-specific binding wasremoved using 10× non-conjugated BSH dextran. After washing of the slidefluorescence signal was detected using a laser scanner. Averageintensities and standard deviations for each concentration point werecalculated from four parallel datapoints. K_(d) values were determinedby fitting the data to Langmuir isotherm:

F=(F _(max) [p])/([p]+K _(d))

where F=fluorescence intensity, F_(max)=maximum intensity at saturation,[p]=concentration of Cy3 labeled molecule and K_(d)=dissociationconstant.

Anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-dextran conjugate bound to EGFR1 with a dissociationconstant about K_(d)=97 nM. The unconjugated Fab has about 2 fold higheraffinity compared with the anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH dextran to EGFR1 (FIG.14). Anti-EGFR1 Fab BSH-dextran or unconjugated Fab binding to HER2,CD64, CD16a, HSA or anti-dextran IgG were below detection limits.

It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that with the advancementof technology, the basic idea of the invention may be implemented invarious ways. The invention and its embodiments are thus not limited tothe examples described above, instead they may vary within the scope ofthe claims.

1. A conjugate comprising an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 bindingfragment thereof and at least one dextran derivative, wherein thedextran derivative comprises at least one D-glucopyranosyl unit, whereinat least one carbon selected from carbon 2, 3 or 4 of the at least oneD-glucopyranosyl unit is substituted by a substituent of the formula—O—(CH₂)_(n)—S—B₁₂H₁₁ ²⁻ wherein n is in the range of 3 to 10; and thedextran derivative is bound to the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof via a bond formed by a reaction between atleast one aldehyde group formed by oxidative cleavage of aD-glucopyranosyl unit of the dextran derivative and an amino group ofthe anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.
 2. Theconjugate according to claim 1, wherein the dextran derivative has amolecular mass in the range of about 3 to about 2000 kDa, or about 30 toabout 300 kDa.
 3. The conjugate according to claim 1 or 2, wherein theconjugate comprises about 10 to about 300 substituents or about 20 toabout 150 substituents of the formula —O—(CH₂)_(n)—S—B₁₂H₁₁ ²⁻.
 4. Theconjugate according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the amino group ofthe anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof is theamino group of a lysine residue of the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof.
 5. The conjugate according to any one ofclaims 1-4, wherein the conjugate further comprises at least onetracking molecule bound to the dextran derivative or to the anti-EGFR1antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.
 6. The conjugateaccording to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the dextran derivativecomprises at least one aldehyde group formed by oxidative cleavage of aD-glucopyranosyl unit of the dextran derivative which is capped.
 7. Theconjugate according to claim 6, wherein the dextran derivative comprisesa plurality of aldehyde groups formed by oxidative cleavage of aD-glucopyranosyl unit of the dextran derivative, and essentially all ofthe aldehyde groups formed by oxidative cleavage of one or moreD-glucopyranosyl units of the dextran derivative are capped.
 8. Theconjugate according to any one of claims 1-7 obtainable by a methodcomprising the steps of: a) alkenylating at least one hydroxyl group ofdextran to obtain alkenylated dextran; b) reacting sodium borocaptate(BSH) with the alkenylated dextran obtainable from step a) to obtainBSH-dextran; c) oxidatively cleaving at least one D-glucopyranosylresidue of the BSH-dextran so that aldehyde groups are formed; d)reacting the oxidatively cleaved BSH-dextran obtainable from step c)with an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof toobtain a conjugate.
 9. The conjugate according to claim 8, whereindextran is alkenylated in step a) using an alkenylating agent, whereinthe alkenylating agent has a structure according to the formulaX—(CH₂)_(m)CH═CH₂ wherein m is in the range from 1 to 8, and X is Br,Cl, or I.
 10. The conjugate according to claim 8 or 9, wherein at leastone carbon selected from carbon 2, 3 or 4 of at least oneD-glucopyranosyl unit of the alkenylated dextran obtainable from step a)is substituted by a substituent of the formula—O—(CH₂)_(m)CH═CH₂, wherein m is in the range of 1 to
 8. 11. Theconjugate according to any one of claims 8-10, wherein BSH is reactedwith the alkenylated dextran obtainable from step a) in the presence ofa radical initiator selected from the group consisting of ammoniumpersulfate, potassium persulfate and UV light in step b).
 12. Theconjugate according to any one of claims 8-11, wherein the at least oneD-glucopyranosyl residue of the BSH-dextran is oxidatively cleaved instep c) using an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting ofsodium periodate, periodic acid and lead(IV) acetate.
 13. The conjugateaccording to any one of claims 8-12, wherein the method furthercomprises the step of reacting the oxidatively cleaved BSH-dextranobtainable from step c) or the conjugate obtainable from step d) with atracking molecule.
 14. The conjugate according to any one of claims8-13, wherein the method further comprises the step e) of cappingunreacted aldehyde groups of the oxidatively cleaved BSH-dextranobtainable from step c) or the conjugate obtainable from step d). 15.The conjugate according to claim 14, wherein the unreacted aldehydegroups are capped using a hydrophilic capping agent, such asethanolamine, lysine, glycine or Tris.
 16. The conjugate according toany one of claims 8-15, wherein the dextran has a molecular mass in therange of about 3 to about 2000 kDa, or about 10 to about 100 kDa, orabout 5 to about 200 kDa, or about 10 to about 250 kDa.
 17. Theconjugate according to any one of claims 8-16, wherein the oxidativelycleaved BSH-dextran is reacted with the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof by incubating the oxidatively cleavedBSH-dextran and the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragmentthereof in room temperature in an aqueous phosphate buffer having a pHof about 6 to 8 in step d).
 18. A pharmaceutical composition comprisingthe conjugate according to any one of claims 1-17.
 19. The conjugateaccording to any one of claims 1-17 or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to claim 18 for use as a medicament.
 20. The conjugateaccording to any one of claims 1-17 or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to claim 18 for use in the treatment of cancer.
 21. Theconjugate or the pharmaceutical composition for use according to claim20, wherein the cancer is a head-and-neck cancer.
 22. A method oftreating or modulating the growth of EGFR1 expressing tumor cells in ahuman, wherein the conjugate according to any one of claims 1-17 or thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 18 is administered to ahuman in an effective amount.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein theconjugate or the pharmaceutical composition is administeredintra-tumorally and/or intravenously.
 24. The method according to claim22 or 23, wherein the concentration of boron is analysed in tumor cellsand in blood after administering the conjugate or the pharmaceuticalcomposition, and the ratio of the concentration of boron in tumor cellsto the concentration of boron in blood is higher than 1:1, 2:1, 3:1,4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 10:1, 13:1, 130:1 or 240:1.
 25. The conjugateor the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 19 wherein themedicament is for the intra-tumor and/or intravenous treatment ofhead-and-neck cancer by boron neutron capture therapy.
 26. A prokaryotichost cell comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding i) a lightchain variable region and ii) a heavy chain variable region of ananti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof.
 27. Theprokaryotic host cell according to claim 26, wherein the host cell is anE. coli cell.
 28. The prokaryotic host cell according to claim 26 or 27,wherein the one or more polynucleotides encoding the light chainvariable region and the heavy chain variable region are codon optimizedfor the host cell.
 29. The prokaryotic host cell according to any one ofclaims 26-28, wherein the host cell comprises a single continuouspolynucleotide encoding both the light chain variable region and theheavy chain variable region of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof.
 30. The prokaryotic host cell according to anyone of claims 26-29, wherein the host cell comprises a polynucleotideencoding a light chain variable region of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or anEGFR1 binding fragment thereof and another polynucleotide encoding aheavy chain variable region of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof.
 31. The prokaryotic host cell according to anyone of claims 26-30, wherein the light chain variable region and theheavy chain variable region are preceded by a signal peptide.
 32. Theprokaryotic host cell according to claim 31, wherein the signal peptidepreceding the light chain variable region is other than the signalpeptide preceding the heavy chain variable region.
 33. The prokaryotichost cell according to any one of claims 31-32, wherein the signalpeptide preceding the light chain variable region and the heavy chainvariable region are independently selected from the group consisting ofgIII, malE, phoA, ompA, pelB, stII, and stII.
 34. The prokaryotic hostcell according to any one of claims 31-33, wherein the signal peptidepreceding the light chain variable region and the heavy chain variableregion are independently selected from the group consisting of ompA,pelB, stII, and stII.
 35. The prokaryotic host cell according to any oneof claims 31-34, wherein the signal peptide preceding the light chainvariable region is the same as the signal peptide preceding the heavychain variable region, and wherein the signal peptide is selected fromthe group consisting of gIII, malE, phoA, ompA, pelB, stII, and stII.36. The prokaryotic host cell according to any one of claims 31-35,wherein the signal peptide preceding the light chain variable region isthe same as the signal peptide preceding the heavy chain variableregion, and wherein the signal peptide is selected from the groupconsisting of ompA, pelB, stII, and stII.
 37. The prokaryotic host cellaccording to any one of claims 31-36, wherein the light chain variableregion is preceded by the pelB signal peptide and the heavy chainvariable region is preceded by the ompA signal peptide.
 38. Theprokaryotic host cell according to any one of claims 31-37, wherein boththe light chain variable region and the heavy chain variable region arepreceded by the stII signal peptide.
 39. The prokaryotic host cellaccording to any one of claims 26-38, wherein the polynucleotideencoding a light chain variable region comprises or consists of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, or a sequence that is at least 90%,at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQID NO: 8, and the polynucleotide encoding a heavy chain variable regioncomprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, or asequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%,at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, orat least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 9. 40. The prokaryotic host cellaccording to any one of claims 26-39, wherein the host cell comprisesone or more polynucleotides encoding i) a light chain and ii) a heavychain of an anti-EGFR1 binding fragment of an antibody.
 41. Theprokaryotic host cell according to any one of claims 26-40, wherein theone or more polynucleotides encode an anti-EGFR1 binding fragment thatis a Fab or a scFv.
 42. The prokaryotic host cell according to any oneof claims 26-41, wherein the one or more polynucleotides comprise orconsist of the light chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, or asequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%,at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, orat least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10, and the heavy chain sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:11.
 43. The prokaryotic host cell according to any one of claims 26-42,wherein the host cell comprises a polynucleotide comprising orconsisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, or a sequencethat is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least99% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 12. 44. The prokaryotic host cell accordingto any one of claims 26-43, wherein the host cell comprises apolynucleotide comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQID NO: 13, or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 13. 45. Theprokaryotic host cell according to any one of claims 26-44, wherein thehost cell comprises a chaperone protein and/or one or morepolynucleotides encoding a chaperone protein.
 46. The prokaryotic hostcell according to any one of claims 26-45, wherein the chaperone proteinis selected from the group consisting of DnaK, DnaJ, GrpE, Skp, FkpA,GroEL, and GroES.
 47. The prokaryotic host cell according to claim 45 or46, wherein the chaperone protein is Skp.
 48. The prokaryotic host cellaccording to any one of claims 26-47, wherein the host cell is deficientfor one or more proteolytic enzymes.
 49. The prokaryotic host cellaccording to claim 48, wherein the proteolytic enzyme is selected fromthe group consisting of Protease III, OmpT, DegP, Tsp, Protease I,Protease Mi, Protease V, Protease VI, and Lon.
 50. The prokaryotic hostcell according to any one of claims 26-49, wherein the one or morepolynucleotides are driven by a promoter independently selected from thegroup consisting of T7, T5, and Rham.
 51. The prokaryotic host cellaccording to any one of claims 26-50, wherein the one or morepolynucleotides are driven by the promoter T7.
 52. The prokaryotic hostcell according to any one of claims 26-51, wherein the light chainvariable region is preceded by the pelB signal peptide and the heavychain variable region is preceded by the ompA signal peptide; the hostcell comprises the chaperone protein Skp and/or a polynucleotideencoding the chaperone protein Skp; and the host cell is deficient forthe proteolytic enzymes Lon and OmpT.
 53. The prokaryotic host cellaccording to any one of claims 26-52, wherein the light chain variableregion and the heavy chain variable region are preceded by the stIIsignal peptide; the host cell comprises the chaperone protein Skp and/ora polynucleotide encoding the chaperone protein Skp; and the host cellis deficient for the proteolytic enzymes Lon and OmpT.
 54. The conjugateaccording to any one of claims 1-17 or the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to claim 18, wherein the anti-EGFR1 antibody or EGFR1 bindingfragment thereof is obtainable by a method comprising culturing theprokaryotic host cell according to any one of claims 26-53; andisolating and/or purifying the anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 bindingfragment thereof.
 55. The conjugate according to any one of claim 1-17or 54 or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 54, whereinthe anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof comprisesor consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQID NO:
 15. 56. A method for treating or modulating the growth of EGFR1expressing tumor cells in a human, wherein the conjugate according toclaim 54 or 55 or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 54or 55 is administered to a human in an effective amount.
 57. Apolynucleotide encoding i) a light chain variable region and ii) a heavychain variable region of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 bindingfragment thereof wherein the polynucleotide encoding a light chainvariable region comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQID NO: 8, or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8, and thepolynucleotide encoding a heavy chain variable region comprises orconsists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, or a sequence thatis at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%,at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO:
 9. 58. A polynucleotide encoding i) a lightchain variable region and ii) a heavy chain variable region of ananti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof wherein thepolynucleotide comprises or consists of the light chain sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO: 10, or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:10, and the heavy chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, or asequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%,at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, orat least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 11. 59. A polynucleotide encodingi) a light chain variable region and ii) a heavy chain variable regionof an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1 binding fragment thereof whereinthe polynucleotide comprises or consists of the sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO: 12, or a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, atleast 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 12. 60.A polynucleotide encoding i) a light chain variable region and ii) aheavy chain variable region of an anti-EGFR1 antibody or an EGFR1binding fragment thereof wherein the polynucleotide comprises orconsists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, or a sequence thatis at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%,at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO:
 13. 61. The polynucleotide according to any ofclaims 57-60, wherein the light chain variable region and the heavychain variable region are preceded by a signal peptide.
 62. Thepolynucleotide according to 57-61, wherein the signal peptide precedingthe light chain variable region is other than the signal peptidepreceding the heavy chain variable region.
 63. The polynucleotideaccording to any one of claims 57-62, wherein the signal peptidepreceding the light chain variable region and the heavy chain variableregion are independently selected from the group consisting of gIII,malE, phoA, ompA, pelB, stII, and stII.
 64. The polynucleotide accordingto any one of claims 57-63, wherein the signal peptide preceding thelight chain variable region and the heavy chain variable region areindependently selected from the group consisting of ompA, pelB, stII,and stII.
 65. The polynucleotide according to any one of claims 57-64,wherein the signal peptide preceding the light chain variable region isthe same as the signal peptide preceding the heavy chain variableregion, and wherein the signal peptide is selected from the groupconsisting of gIII, malE, phoA, ompA, pelB, stII, and stII.
 66. Thepolynucleotide according to any one of claims 57-65, wherein the signalpeptide preceding the light chain variable region is the same as thesignal peptide preceding the heavy chain variable region, and whereinthe signal peptide is selected from the group consisting of ompA, pelB,stII, and stII.
 67. The polynucleotide according to any one of claims57-66, wherein the light chain variable region is preceded by the pelBsignal peptide and the heavy chain variable region is preceded by theompA signal peptide.
 68. The polynucleotide according to any one ofclaims 57-67, wherein both the light chain variable region and the heavychain variable region are preceded by the stII signal peptide.
 69. Thepolynucleotide according to any one of claims 57-68, wherein thepolynucleotide encodes an anti-EGFR1 binding fragment that is a Fab or ascFv.
 70. The polynucleotide according to any one of claims 57-69,wherein the polynucleotide is driven by or comprises, a promoterselected from the group consisting of T7, T5, and Rham.